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Ch. 7
Axial Skeleton and Homeostasis
191
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/19/2011

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Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
Consists of bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body; skull bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, bone of the vertebral column
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus thebones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
Term
5 classifications of the bone types
Definition
Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamold,
Term
Long bones
Definition
greater length than width, consist of a shaft and a variable number of extremities, are slightly curved for strength; Consist mainly of compact bone in their diaphyses but have considerable amounts of spongy bone in their epiphyses
Term
Short bones
Definition
Somewhat cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width; consist of spongy bone tissue except at the surface, which has a thin layer of compact bone tissue
Term
Flat Bones
Definition
Generally thin and composed of 2 nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue
Term
Irregular Bones
Definition
Complex shapes and cannot be grouped intoany of the previous categories
Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition
Develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress; protect tendons from excessive wear and tear
Term
Sutural Bones
Definition
Small bones located in sutures between certain cranial bones
Term
Surface markings
Definition
structural features adapted for specific functions
Term
Skull (Cranium)
Definition
The skeleton of the head consisting of the cranial and facial bones, 22 bones total
Term
Cranial bones
Definition
Form the cranial cavity which encloses and protects the brain; 8 bones total
Term
Facial bones
Definition
Form the face; 14 bones
Term
Girdles
Definition
Connect the limbs to the axial Skeleton
Term
Frontal bone
Definition
Forms the forehead (anterior part of the cranium), roofs of the orbits (eye sockets), and the most anterior part of the cranial floor
Term
Metopic Suture
Definition
Suture that connects the left and right sides of the frontal bone; disappears at age 6-8
Term
Frontal Squama
Definition
a scalelike plate of bone that forms the forehead in the anterior view of the skull.
Term
Supraorbital Margin
Definition
The frontal bone thickens superior to the orbits.
Term
Supraorbital foramen or supraorbital notch
Definition
hole slightly medial to the midpoint of the supraorbital margin,
Term
Frontal Sinuses
Definition
lie deep to the frontal squama
Term
Parietal Bones
Definition
Two bones that form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
Term
Temporal Bones
Definition
Two bones that form the lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor
Term
Temporal Squama
Definition
thin, flat part of the temporal bones that forms the anterior and superior part of the temple
Term
zygomatic processes
Definition
Protruds from the inferior portion of the temporal squama and articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
Term
Zygomatic Arch
Definition
Zygomatic process of the temporal bone and temporal processes of the zygomatic bone
Term
Mandibular fossa
Definition
located inferior posterior surface of the zygomatic process of each temporal bone
Term
Articular tubercle
Definition
Rounded elevation anterior to the mandibular fossa
Term
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Definition
Mandibular fossa, articular tubercle, and the mandible articulated
Term
Mastoid Portion
Definition
Located posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus (ear canal)
Term
External Auditory Meatus
Definition
Ear canal
Term
Mastoid Air Cells
Definition
Tiny air filled compartments in the mastoid portion
Term
Mastoiditis
Definition
Inflammation of the mastoid air cells ex. middle ear infection
Term
Mastoid process
Definition
Rounded projection of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus. Point of attachment for several neck muscles
Term
Internal auditory meatus
Definition
Opening through which the facial (VII) nerve and vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve pass
Term
Styloid process
Definition
projects inferiorly from the interior surface of the temporal bone and serves as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the tongue and neck
Term
Stylomastoid Foramen
Definition
Hole through which the facial (VII) nerve and stylomastid artery pass; located btwn the styoloid process and the mastoid process
Term
 Petrous Portion
Definition

Floor of the cranial cavity, part of the temporal bone

Triangular part, located at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones

Houses the internal ear and the middle ear

Contains the carotid foramen

Term
Carotid foramen
Definition
hole through which the caratid artery passes
Term
Jugular vein
Definition

posterior to the carotid formen and anterior to the occiptial bone,

Passageway for the jugular vein

Term
Occipital bone
Definition
Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium
Term
Foramen magnum
Definition
located in the inferior part of the occipital bone; Medulla oblongata connects with the spinal cord here; vertebral and spinal arteries also pass through here
Term
Occipital condyles
Definition

oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum

Articulate with depressions on the first cervical vertebrae (atlas) to form the atlanto-occipital joint

Term
Atlanto-occipital joint
Definition
Joint found where the occipital condyles articulate with the atlas; allows the head to nod yes or no
Term
Hypoglossal canal
Definition
Superior to each occipital condyle on the inferior surface of the skull
Term
External occipital protuberance
Definition
Most prominent midline projection on the posterior surface of the bone just above the foramen magnum
Term
Ligamentum nuchae
Definition
Large fibrous, elastic ligament that extends from the external occipital protuberance to the seventh cervical vertebra to help support the head
Term
Superior nuchal lines
Definition
Two curved ridges that extend laterally from the protuberance
Term
Inferior nuchal line
Definition

inferior to the superior nuchal lines, lateral to the external occipital protuberance

Area of muscle attachment

Term
Sphenoid bone
Definition

LIes at the middle part of the base of the skull

Keystone of the cranial floor, Articulates with all the other cranial bones

Lies posterior and slightly superior to the nasal cavity

Forms part of the floor, side walls and rear wall of the orbits

Shaped like a butterfly with outstretched wings

Term
Spenoidal sinus
Definition
space inside of the "body" of the sphenoid bone, drains into the nasal cavity
Term
Sella turcica
Definition
bony saddle-shaped structure on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid
Term
Tuberculum sellae
Definition
Anterior part of the sella turcica, forms the horn of the saddle
Term
Hypophyseal fossa
Definition

Depression in the Sella turcica, seat of the saddle

Contains the pituitary gland

Term
Dorsum sellae
Definition
ridge on the posterior portion of the sella turcica, forms the back of the saddle
Term
Greater Wings
Definition

Project laterally from the body of the sphenoid bone, form the anterolateral floor of the cranium

Form the lateral wall of the skull, anterior to the temporal bone

Term
Lesser Wings
Definition

smaller wings of the sphenoid bone, form a ridge of bone anterior and superior to the greater wings

Form part of the floor of the cranium and the posterior portion of the orbit of the eye

Term
Optic foramen or canal
Definition

between the body and lesser wing, just anterior to the sells turcica

Optic (II) nerve and ophthalmic artery pass through this foramen

Term
Superior orbital fissure
Definition

Lateral to the body, between the greater and lesser wings

Blood vessels and cranial nerves pass through this fissure

Term
Pterygoid processes
Definition

Project inferiorly from the points where the body and greater wings of the sphenoid bone unite

Form the lateral posterior regoin of the nasal cavity

Some muscles of the mandible attach here

 

Term
Foramen ovale
Definition
At the base of the pterygoid process in the greater wing
Term
Foramen Lacerum
Definition

Bound anteriorly by the sphenoid bone and medially by the sphenoid and occipital bones

Transmits a branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery

Term
Foramen rotundum
Definition

At the junction of the anterior and medial parts of the sphenoid bone

maxillar branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve passes through here

Term
Ethmoid Bone
Definition

Spongelike in appearance

Located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits

Anterior to the sphenoid

Posterior to the nasal bones

Forms: part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor; medial wall of the orbits; superior portion of the nasal septum; most of the superior sidewalls of the nasal cavity

Term
Cribriform Plate
Definition

Forms the roof of the nasal cavity

lies in the anterior floor of the cranium

Contains the olfactory foramina

Term
Olfactory Foramina
Definition
Hole through which the olfactory nerves pass
Term
Crista galli
Definition

Projects superiorly from the cribriform plate

Triangular process

serves as a point of attachment for the membranes that seperate the two sides of the brain

Term
perpendicular plate
Definition

projects inferiorly from the cribriform plate

Forms the superior portion of the nasal septum

Term
Lateral Masses
Definition

Compose most of the wall between the nasal cavity and the orbits

Part of the ethmoid bone

Contain 3-18 air spaces called ethmoidal cells and 2 thin, scroll-shaped projections lateral to the nasal septum called superior nasal concha (turbinate) or the middle nasal concha (turbinate)

Term
Superior and middle nasal concha (turbinate)
Definition

2 thin, scroll-shaped projection lateral to the nasal septum

Greatly increase the vascular and mucous membrane surface area in the nasal cavity

Cause inhaled air to swirl, which helps clean the air

Superior- located near the olfactory foramina- increase the surface area for the sense of smell

Term
Nasal Bones
Definition
paired bones that meet at the midline, form the bridge of the nose
Term
Maxillae
Definition

Paired bones that form the upper jawbone

Articulate with every face bone except the mandible

Form part of the floors of the orbits, part of the lateral walls and floor of the nasal cavity and most of the hard palate

Term
Hard palate
Definition

bony roof of the mouth

Formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae mouth and horizontal plates of the palatine bones; seperates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

Term
Maxillary sinus
Definition

Empties into the nasal cavity

Found in both maxilla

Term
Alveolar process
Definition

Arch that contains the alveoli (sockets for the maxillary (upper) teeth in the Maxilla bone

and the mandibular (lower) teeth in the Mandible bone

 

Term
Palatine Process
Definition
Horizontal projection of the maxilla that forms the anterior three-quarters of the hard palate
Term
Infraorbital foramen
Definition

opening in the maxilla inferior to the orbit

Allows passage of the infraorbital nerve and blood vessels and a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal (V) nerve

Term
Incisive Foramen
Definition

just posterior to the incisor teeth

Transmits branches of the greater palatine blood vessels and nasopalatine nerve

Term
inferior orbital fissure
Definition
located between the greater wing of sphenoid and maxilla
Term
Zygomatic bones
Definition

Cheekbones- form the prominences of the cheeks and part of the lateral wall and floor of each orbit

Articulate with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal bones

Term
Temporal process
Definition
projects posteriorly and articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch
Term
Lacrimal bones
Definition

thin and roughly resemble a fingernail in size and shape

Smallest bones of the face

Posterior and lateral to the nasal bones and form a part of the medial wall of each orbit

Term
Lacrimal fossa
Definition

vertical grove formed with the maxilla in the lacrimal bones

houses the lacrimal sac

Term
Lacrimal sac
Definition
gathers tears and passes them into the nasal cavity
Term
Palatine bones
Definition
2 L-shaped bones that form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and   lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and a small portion of the floors of the orbits
Term
Inferior nasal conchae
Definition

inferior to the middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone

Seperate bones not a part of the ethmoid bone

scroll-like bones form the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity and project into the nasal cavity

Term
Vomer
Definition

Roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity

articulates superiorly with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and and inferiorly with both the maxillae and palatine bones along the midline

Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum

Term
Mandible
Definition

Lower jawbone: Largest, strongest facial bone

curved horizontal portion= body

2 perpendicular portions=rami

Where the ramus meets the body=angle

Term
Condylar process
Definition
Articulates with the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
Term
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Definition
Where the condylar process and articular tubercle of the temporal bone articulate
Term
Coronoid process
Definition

Where the temporalis muscle attaches

anterior to the condylar process

Term
Mandibular notch
Definition
Depression between the coronoid and condylar processes
Term
Mental foramen
Definition
approximately inferior to the second premolar tooth
Term
Mandibular foramen
Definition

Located on the medial surface of each ramus

Beginning of the mandibular canal

Term
Mandibular canal
Definition

Passes obliquely in the ramus and anteriorly to the body

Inferior alveolar nerves and blood vessels pass through this canal and are distributed to the mandibular teeth

Term
Nasal septum
Definition

Divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

Consists of bone and cartilage

The anterior border of the vomer articulates with the septal cartilage (hyaline cartilage) to form the anterior portion of the septum

Superior border of vomer articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form the remainder of the nasal septum

Term
Orbit
Definition

7 bones make up the orbit (3 cranium, 4 facial)

1.frontal

2. sphenoid

3. ethmoid

4. palatine

5. zygomatic

6. lacrimal

7. maxilla

Term
5 openings associate with each orbit
Definition

1.Optic foramen (canal)

2. superior orbital fissure

3. inferior orbital fissure

4. Supraorbital foramen

5. lacrimal fossa

Term
Foramina
Definition
openings for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
Term
Suture
Definition
An immovable joint in most cases in an adult skull that holds most skull bones together
Term
Coronal suture
Definition
unites the frontal bone and both parietal bones
Term
Sagittal bone
Definition
unites the two parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull
Term
Lambdoid suture
Definition
unites the two parietal bones to the occipital bone; resembles Greek letter lambda
Term
Squamous sutures
Definition
unite the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral aspects of the skull
Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Definition

cavities within certain cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity

Lined with mucous membranes

Develop during the prepubescent years

Term
Fontanels
Definition

Soft spots: mesencyme-filled spaces between the cranial bones

eventually be replaced by intramembranous ossification to become sutures

6 constant fontanels at birth: anterior, posterior, paired anterolateral, paired posterolateral

Term
Anterior Fontanel
Definition

Largest fontanel located at the midline between the two parietal bones and the frontal bone, roughly diamond shaped

Closes 18-24 month after birth

Term
Posterior fontanel
Definition

Located at the midline between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone

Closes at about 2 months

Term
Anterolateral fontanels
Definition

Located laterally between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones

Small and irregular in shape

Close at about 3 months

Term
Posterolateral fontanels
Definition

Located laterally between the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones

Irregularly shaped

Begin to close 1-2 months but not complete until 12 months

Term
Hyoid bone
Definition

u-shaped, does not articulate with any other bone

Suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bone

Supports the tongue

Attachment sites for some tongue muscles and muscles of the neck and pharynx

Keeps larynx open at all times

Consists of a horizontal body and paired projections call lesser horns and greater horns

Term
Vertebral column
Definition

consists of 26 vertebrae

7 cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

1 sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)

1 coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)

surounds the spinal column

Term
Normal curves
Definition

Cervical and lumbar curves are convex (bulgging out)

Thoracic and sacral curves are concave (cupping in)

Increase strength, help maintain balance in the upright position, absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the vertebrae from fracture

Term
Primary curves
Definition

Form during fetal development

Thoracic and sacral curves

Term
Secondary curves
Definition

Cervical and lumbar curves

form several months after birth

Term
Abnormal curves
Definition

Conditions sometimes exaggerate the normal curves of the vertebral column

ex. kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis

Term
Intervertebral discs
Definition

found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae from the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum

Form strong joints that permit various movements of the vertebral column and absorb shock

Consists of an outer ring, annulus fibrosus, and and inner substance, nucleus pulposis

Term
Annulus Fibrosus
Definition
Outer fibrous ring of the intervertebral discs consisting of fibrocartilage
Term
Nucleus pulposus
Definition
inner soft, puply, highly elastic substance of the intervertebral discs
Term
Body of the Vertebrae
Definition

Thick disc-shaped anterior portion

Weight-bearing part of a vertebra

Superior and inferior surfaces roughed for the attachment of cartilaginous intervertebral disc

Anterior and lateral surfaces contain nutrient foramina

Term
Pedicles
Definition

two short thick processes that project posteriorly from the vertebral body

Unite with the flat laminae to form the vertebral arch

Term
Laminae
Definition
flat surface posterior to vertical foramen and anterior to the bifid spinous process
Term
Vertebral Arch
Definition
Extends posteriorly from the body of the vertebra
Term
Vertebral foramen
Definition

contains the spinal cord, adipose tissue, areolar connective tissue, and blood vessels

Formed from the vertebral arch and the body of the vertebra

Term
Vertebral (spinal) canal
Definition
All the collective vertebral foramina
Term
Vertebral notches
Definition
Superior and inferior indentations exhibited by the pedicles
Term
Intervertebral foramen
Definition
hole that forms between the vertebral notches on both sides of the column
Term
Transverse process
Definition
Extends laterally on both sides of the veretebra
Term
Spinous Process
Definition
projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae
Term
Superior Articular Processes
Definition
articulate with the two inferior articular processes directly above them
Term
Inferior Articular processes
Definition
Articulate with the two superior articular processes directly below them
Term
Facets
Definition

Articulating surfaces of the articular processes

Covered with hyaline cartilage

Term
Cervical vertebrae
Definition

C1-C7

Smaller than all other vertrbrae except those that form the coccyx

Vertebral arches are larger

Term
Transverse Foramen
Definition
Foramen through which the vertebral artery and its accompanying vein and nerve fibers pass
Term
Bifid
Definition
Spilt into two parts
Term
Atlas
Definition

C1

First cervical vertebra inferior to the skull

Anterior and posterior arches and large lateral masses

No body of spinous process

Term
Superior Articular Facets
Definition

Superior surfaces of the lateral masses of the Atlas (C1)

They are concave and articulate with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone to form the Atlanto-occipital joints

Term
Atlanto-occipital joints
Definition
Articulation between the occipital condyles and the superior articular facets
Term
Inferior articular facets
Definition

inferior surfaces of the lateral masses of the Atlas (C1)

Articulate with the second cervical vertebra

Term
Axis
Definition

Second cervical vertebra (C2)

Has a body and dens

Term
Dens
Definition

AKA odontoid process

Projects superiorly throughthe anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas

Provides a pivot on which the atlas and head rotate (allows "no" movement)

Term
Atlanto-axial joint
Definition
Articulation between the anterior arch of the atlas and dens of the axis and between the articular facts
Term
Vertebra prominens
Definition

C7- seventh cervical vertebra

Single large spinous process that may be felt at the base of the neck

Term
Thoracic Vertebrae
Definition

T1-T12

Larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae

Have larger and longer transverse processes

Articulate with the ribs

Have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs (T1-T10)

Have either facets or demifacets for articulation with the heads of the ribs

Movement limited by the attachment of the ribs to the sternum

Term
Lumbar Vertebrae
Definition

(L1-L5)

Largest and strongest of unfused bones

Projections are short and thick

Superior articular processes directed medially instead of superiorly

Inferior articular processes directed laterally instead of inferiorly

Spinous processes quadrilateral in shape, thick and broad, and project nearly straight posteriorly

Attachment site of large back muscles

Term
Sacrum
Definition

Triangular bone formed by the union of 5 sacral vertebrae

Positioned at the posterior portion of the pelvic cavity  and medial to the hip bones

Serves as strong foundation for the pelvic girdle

 

Term
Transverse lines (ridges)
Definition

4 smooth lines on the anterior side of the sacrum

Mark the joining of the sacral vertebral bodies

Term
Anterior Sacral Foramina
Definition
4 pairs at the end of the transverse lines
Term
Sacral ala
Definition

Smooth surface of the lateral portion of the superior surface of the sacrum

Formed by the fused transverse processes of the first sacral vertebra

Term
Median sacral crest
Definition

Convex, posterior surface of the sacrum

Formed by the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae

Term
Lateral Sacral Crest
Definition
Formed by the fused transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae
Term
Sacral canal
Definition
Continuation of the vertebral cavity
Term
Sacral hiatus
Definition

Inferior entrance to the vertebral canal

Formed by the laminae of the S5 and sometimes S4 failing to meet

Term
Sacral Cornu
Definition

Found on either side of the sacral hiatus

Inferior articular processes of the S5

Connected by ligaments to the coccyx

Term
Apex of the sacrum
Definition
Narrow inferior portion of the sacrum
Term
Base of sacrum
Definition
Broad superior portion of the sacrum
Term
Sacral Promontory
Definition

Anteriorly projecting border of the base

one of the points used for measuring the pelvis

Term
Auricular surface
Definition

Found on both lateral surfaces of the sacrum

Large and ear-shaped

Articulates with the ilium of each hip bone to form the sacroiliac joint

Term
Sacroiliac Joint
Definition
Articulation of the auricular surface and the ilium of each hip bone and the sacral tuberosity
Term
Sacral Tuberosity
Definition

Posterior to the auricular surface

Rough surface

Contains deep depressions for the attachment of ligaments

Term
Superior Articular processes of the sacrum
Definition
Articulate with the inferior articular processes of the fifth lumbar vertebra
Term
Laumbosacral joints
Definition
Articulation between the base of the sacrum and the body of the 5th lumbar vertebra
Term
Coccyx
Definition

Triangular shape

Formed by the fusion of usually 4 coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co4)

Fuses between the ages of 20-30

Articulates superiorly with the apex of the sacrum

Points inferiorly in women to allow the passage of child and anteriorly in males

Term
Coccygeal Cornua
Definition

Found on the dorsal body of the coccyx

Connected by ligaments to the sacral cornua

Pedicles and superior articular processes of the first coccygeal vertebra

Term
Thorax
Definition
Entire chest
Term
Thoracic cage
Definition

Skeletal part of the thorax

Formed by the sternum, ribs, and their costal cartilages, bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

Term
Sternum
Definition
Breastbone; flat narrow bone located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall
Term
Manubrium
Definition

superior part of the sternum

Articulates with clavicles, costal cartilages of the first and second ribs

Term
Body of the sternum
Definition

middle and largest part

Articulates with costal cartilage of the 2nd-10th ribs either directly or indirectly

Term
Xiphoid process
Definition

inferior, smaller part

Provides attachment point for some abdominal muscles

Does not completely ossify until age 40

Term
Sternal angle
Definition
Junction of the manubrium and body
Term
Suprasternal notch
Definition
Depression on the superior surface of the sternum
Term
Clavicular notches
Definition

lateral to the suprasternal notch on the manubrium

Articulates with the medial ends of the clavicles

Term
Sternoclavicular joints
Definition
Articulation of the medial ends of the clavicles and the clavicular notches of the sternum
Term
Ribs
Definition

1-12 pairs

Give structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity

Articulates posteriorly with the thoracic vertebra

Term
Costal Cartilage
Definition

Strip of hyaline cartilage in ribs 1-7 that directly attach the ribs to the sternum

Provide elasticity of the thoracic cage and prevent various blows from fracturing the sternum and ribs

Term
True (vertebrosternal) ribs
Definition
RIbs that have costal cartilage and attach directly to the sternum and or ribs
Term
Sternocostal joints
Definition
articulations between the true ribs and the sternum and true ribs
Term
False ribs
Definition

Last 5 ribs

Costal cartilage either indirectly attaches to the sternum or do not attach at all

Term
Vertebrochondral ribs
Definition
False ribs 8-10
Term
Floating (vertebral) ribs
Definition

Ribs 11 and 12

Costal cartilage does not attach to the sternum at all

Term
Costochondritis
Definition
inflamation of one or more costal cartilage
Term
Head of the ribs
Definition
projection at the posterior end of the rib that contains a pair of articular facets
Term
Vertebrocostal Joint
Definition
Articulation of the head of the ribs into a facet or demifacet of the thoracic vertebrae
Term
Neck of the ribs
Definition
constricted portion of the rib just lateral to the head
Term
Tubercle of the Rib
Definition
Knob-like structure on the posterior surface, where the neck joins the body
Term
Nonarticular part of the tubercle
Definition
attaches to the transverse process of the vertebra by a ligament
Term
Articular part of the tubercle
Definition
Articulates with the facet of a transverse process of the inferior of two vertebrae
Term
Body (Shaft) of the ribs
Definition
Main part of the rib
Term
Costal angle
Definition
Abrupt change in the curvature of the shaft just   beyond the tubercle
Term
Costal groove
Definition

inner surface of the rib

protects blood vessels and a small nerve

Term
Intercostal spaces
Definition

Spaces between ribs

House intercostal muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

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