Term
| components of skeletal system |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of skeletal system |
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Definition
support
protection
movement
electrolyte balance
acid-base balance
blood formation |
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Definition
| connective tissue that has a hardened matrix throgh calcium phosphate deposists |
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Term
| calcification/mineralization |
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Definition
| hardening process of bone matrix |
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Term
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Definition
longer than wide
humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia and fibula, metatarsals and phalanges |
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Definition
equal in length and width
carpal(wrist)
tarsal(ankle)
limited motion, merely glide |
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Definition
enclose and protect organs and provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment
most cranial bones
ribs
sternum
scapula
hip bones |
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Definition
elaborate shapes
vertebrae
skull bone (like sphenoid and ethmoid) |
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Term
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Definition
| outer shell of dense white osseous tissue |
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Term
| medullary cavity/marrow cavity |
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Definition
| hollow space in middle of bone that contains bone marrow |
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Definition
| losely organized form of osseous tissue |
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Definition
| the shaft of the long bone |
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Definition
| expanded head at the ends of the diaphysis |
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Definition
| layer of hyaline cartilage on joint surfaces that helps to enable joint movement |
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Definition
| minute holes in the bone through which blood vessels penetrate |
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Term
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Definition
outer sheath covering bone
two layers
1. tough, outer fibrous layer made of collage --> some collage fibers of outer layer are continous with tenons that bind muscle to bone adn some penetrate in the bone matrix as perforating (sharpey fibers)
2. iner, osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells |
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Term
| perforating/sharpey fibers |
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Definition
| collagen fibers of the outer layer that are continous with tendons that bind muscle to bone and that penetrate into the bone matrix |
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Definition
| thin layer of reticular connective tissue with cells that dissolve osseous tissue and others that deposit it |
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Term
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Definition
hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and the diaphysis
in xrays, appears as a transparent line at end oflong bone
zone where bones grow in length
in adults, epiphyseal plate is depleted and bone cant grow anymore--> epiphyseal line is where the plate used to be |
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Term
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Definition
sandwich-like
two layers of compact dense bone with a middle layer of spongy bone
spongy layer in cranium is called diploe
both surfaces of flat bone covered with periosteum, and marrow spaces in spongy bone are lined with endosteum |
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Term
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Definition
1. osteogenic
2. osteoblasts
3. osteocytes
4. osteoclasts |
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Term
| osteogenic(osteoprogenitor)cells |
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Definition
stem cells thatcome from emryonic mesenchymal cells
give rise to other bone cell types
found in endosteum, inner layer of perosteum, central canals
multiply continually and some become osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
bone-forming cells
roughly cuboidal or angular and line up in single layer on bone surface under endosteum and periosteum
nonmitotic--> only way to create new osteoblasts is through the differentiation of osteogenic cells
synthesize soft organic matter of bone matrix
secrete osteocalcin hormone (found to stimulate insulin secretion by pancreas, increase insulin sensitivity in adipose tisue, and limit adipose tissue groth) |
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Term
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Definition
former osteoblasts that become trapped in the matrix they deposited
reside in lacunae
has cytoplasmic processes that reach into canaliculi to contact the processes from neighboring osteocytes, some can even contact osteoblasts on bone surface
osteocytes are connected by gap juctions so they can pass nutrients and chemical signals to one another and pass their metabolic wastes to the nearest blood vessel for disposal
multiple functions:
resorb and deposit bone matrix (thus helping maintain balance of bone density and blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations), and strain sensors (pressure on bone can produce flow in extracellular fluid of lacunai and canaliculi, thus stimulating osteocytes to secrete biochemical signals that can regulate bone remodeling--> bone shape and density adaptation to stress) |
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Term
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Definition
bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface
develop from same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to blood cells, so NOT FROM OSTEOGENIC CELLS
formed by fusion of stem cells, so they are very large and can be visible to naked eye
have 3 or 4 nuclei, but sometimes up to 50
side of the osteoclast facing bone surface has ruffled border with many dep infoldings to increase surf. area and enhance efficiency of bone resorption
can reside in pits called resorption bays(howship lacunae) |
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Term
| osseous tissue matrix composition |
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Definition
| 1/3 organic, 2/3inorganic |
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Term
| composition of organic osseous tissue matter |
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Definition
synthesized by osteoblasts
collage, protein-carb complexes like glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins |
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Term
| composition of inorganic osseous tissue matter |
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Definition
85% hydroxyapatite
10% calcium carbonate
magnesium, sodium, potassiu, fluoride, sulfate, carbonate, hydroxide ions |
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Definition
the main component of inorganic osseous matter
a crystallized calcium phosphate salt |
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Definition
a combination of two basic structural materials
in bone's case, a combination of a ceramic (hydroxyapatite) and polymer(collagen) |
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