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Ch. 6
Skeletal System
65
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/18/2011

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Term
Functions of Bone and Skeletal System
Definition
Support, protection, Assistance in movement, Mineral Homeostasis, Blood cell production, Triglyceride Storage
Term
Long bone
Definition
Diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
the bone's shaft or body- the long cylindrical, main,portion of the bone
Term
epiphyses
Definition
proximal and distal ends of the bone
Term
metaphyses
Definition
regions between the diaphyses and the epiphyses
Term
Epiphyseal (growth) plate
Definition
a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length; found in the metaphyses
Term
Epiphyseal Line
Definition
replaces the epiphyseal (growth) plate when a person is done growing
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms and articulation (joint) with another bone
Term
Periosteum
Definition
surrounds the external bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. Composed of outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells.
Term
Periosteum Function
Definition
enable the bone to grow in length; protects the bone; assists in fracture repair; helps nourish bone tissue; and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.
Term
Perforating (Sharpey's) Fiber
Definition
attaches the periosteum to the underlying bone through thick bundles of collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the ECM
Term
Medullary Cavity
Definition
hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
Term
Endosteum
Definition
a thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity; contains a single layer of cells and a small amount of connective tissue
Term
Extracellular Bone Matrix composition
Definition
25% water, 25% collagen fibers, and 50% crystallized mineral salts
Term
Most abundant mineral salt
Definition
Calcium Phosphate
Term
Calcification
Definition
Initiated by bone-building osteoblasts; Deposition of mineral salts, primarily hydroxyapatite, in a framework formed by collagen fibers in which the tissue harden; also called mineralization
Term
Osteogenic cells
Definition
Unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme; Only bone cells to undergo cell division; Resulting cells develop into osteoblasts; found in the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
Bone-building cells; Synthesis and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue; initiate calcification; Secretions become osteocytes
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Mature bone cells; Main bone cells, maintain daily metabolism such as exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cells); concentrated in the endosteum
Term
Osteoclasts function
Definition
the ruffle border (side facing the bone surface) releases lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral components of the underlying bone matrix; breaks down the extracellular matrix
Term
Resorption
Definition
break down of extracellular matrix
Term
Percentage of spongy and compact bone
Definition
80% compact, 20% spongy
Term
Compact bone tissue
Definition
Strongest form of bone tissue and contains few spaces; Found beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones; provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement
Term
Perforating or Volkmann's canals
Definition
a minute passageway by means of which blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate into compact bone
Term
Central or Haversian canals
Definition
A circular channel running longitudinally in the center of osteon (haversian system) of mature compact bone, containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
Term
Concentric Lamellae
Definition
Rings of calcified extracellular matrix much like the rings of a tree trunk
Term
Lacuna (pl. Lacunae)
Definition
A small, hollow space, such as that found in bones in which the osteocytes lie
Term
Canaliculus (pl. canaliculi)
Definition
A small channel or canal, as in bones. where they connect lacunae
Term
Osteons or Haversian systems
Definition
The basic unit of structure in adult compact bone, consisting of a central (haversian) canal with its concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
Term
Interstitial lamellae
Definition
areas between osteons; have lacunae with osteocytes and canaliculi; fragements of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth
Term
Circumferential Lamellae
Definition
Lamellae that encircle the bone just beneath the periosteum or encircle the medullary cavity
Term
Spongy bone tissue
Definition
Bone tissue that consists of and irregular latticework of thin plates of bone called trabeculae; space btwn trabeculae of some bones are filled with red bone marrow; found inside short, flat, and irregular bones and in epiphyses of long bones
Term
Trabecula
Definition
Irregular latticework of thin plates of spongy bone tissue
Term
Nutrient foramen
Definition
hole through the center of the compact bone through which the nutrient artery passes
Term
Ossification
Definition
process by which bone forms; also called osteogenesis
Term
Intramembranous ossificaation
Definition
Bone forms directly within mesenchyme arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes
Term
Endochondral ossification
Definition
Bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme
Term
Ossification center
Definition
An area in the cartilage model of a future bone where the cartilage cells hypertrophy, secrete enzymes that calcify their extracellular matrix, and die, and the area they occupied is invaded by osteoblasts that lay down bone
Term
Interstitial growth
Definition
Growth from within
Term
Appositional growth
Definition
Growth at the outer surface
Term
epiphyseal (growth) plate
Definition
a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that consists of 4 zones: resting cartilage, proliferating cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, calcified cartilage
Term
Bone remodeling
Definition
ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Term
Bone resorption
Definition
Removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts
Term
Bone Deposition
Definition
addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts
Term
Factors that affect bone growth and remolding
Definition
Minerals, Vitamins, Hormones
Term
Sex hormone
Definition
Estrogen and androgens such as testosterone
Term
Fracture
Definition
any break in a bone
Term
Open (compound) Fracture
Definition
broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
Term
Closed (simple) Fracture
Definition
break in a bone that does not break the skin
Term
Comminuted Fracture
Definition

The bone is splintered, crushes, or broken into pieces, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments

Most difficult fracture to treat

Term
Greenstick Fracture
Definition
A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; occurs only in children whose bones are not fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material
Term
Impacted Fracture
Definition
One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other
Term
Pott's Fracture
Definition
Fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula) with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation
Term
Colles' Fracture
Definition
A fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly
Term
Stress fracture
Definition
Series of microscopic fissures in bone that forms without any evidence of injury to other tissues
Term
Steps of repair of bone fracture
Definition

1. Formation of fracture hematoma

2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

3. Bony callus formation

4. Bone remodeling

Term
Fracture hematoma
Definition
Mass of blood that forms around the site of the fracture
Term
Fibrocartilaginous callus
Definition
a mass o repair tissue consisting of collagen fibers and cartilage that bridges the broken ends of th bone
Term
Bony callus
Definition
Fibrocartilage that is converted to spongy bone
Term
Parathryoid Hormone
Definition

Secreted by parathyroid glands, regulates Ca^2+ exchange

Stimulates formation of calcitrol

Term
Calcitriol
Definition

Active form of vitamin D

A hormone that promotes absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

Term
parafollicular cells
Definition

Located in the thyroid

Decreases the level Ca^2+ by secreting calcitonin

Term
Demineralization
Definition
The loss of calcium and other minerals from bone extracellular matrix
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
Secreted by thyroid gland; inhibits bone resorption by osteclasts
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