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Ch. 5
Dr. Eagle
121
Anatomy
Advanced
09/17/2016

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Term
tissue
Definition
a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ
Term
the four primary tissues
Definition
epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular
Term
how the 4 primary tissues differ from each other
Definition
Types and functions of their cells
Characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material)
Relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix
Term
what matrix (extracellular material)is made of
Definition
-Fibrous proteins
-Clear gel called ground substance
Also known as tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, or tissue gel
Term
the three primary germ layers
Definition
ectoderm (outer)
endoderm (inner)
mesoderm (middle)
Term
ectoderm
Definition
Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
Term
endoderm
Definition
Gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, among other things
Term
mesoderm
Definition
Wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix
Gives rise to muscle, bone, blood
Term
smear
Definition
tissue is rubbed across a slide
Example: blood
Term
spread
Definition
some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide
Example: areolar tissue
Term
avascular
Definition
(does not have blood vessels)
Usually nourished by underlying connective tissue
Term
basement membrane
Definition
layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue
Term
basal surface
Definition
surface of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane
Term
apical surface
Definition
surface of epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane
Term
simple epithelia
Definition
Contain one layer of cells
Named by shape of cells
All cells touch basement membrane
Term
stratified epithelia
Definition
Contain more than one layer
Named by shape of apical cells
Some cells rest on top of others
and do not touch basement
membrane
Term
epithelia with only one layer
Definition
Simple squamous (thin, scaly cells)
Simple cuboidal (square or round cells)
Simple columnar (tall, narrow cells)
Pseudostratified columnar
Term
goblet cells
Definition
wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia
Term
simple squamous epithelia
Definition
Single row of thin cells
Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
Secretes serous fluid
Locations: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa
Term
simple cuboidal epithelia
Definition
Single layer of square or round cells
Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement
Locations: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules
Term
simple columnar epithelia
Definition
Single row of tall, narrow cells
Oval nuclei in basal half of cell
Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells
Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
Locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes
Term
pseudostratified epithelia
Definition
Looks multilayered, but all cells touch basement membrane
Nuclei at several layers
Has cilia and goblet cells
Secretes and propels mucus
Locations: respiratory tract and portions of male urethra
Term
stratified epithelia
Definition
Range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells
Term
stratified squamous
Definition
most widespread epithelium in the body
Term
keratinized
Definition
found on skin surface, abrasion resistant
Term
nonkeratinized
Definition
lacks surface layer of dead cells
Term
keratinized stratified squamous
Definition
Multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly toward surface
Resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms
Locations: epidermis; palms and soles heavily keratinized
Term
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Definition
Same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of dead cells
Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens
Locations: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
Definition
Two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round
Secretes sweat; produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones
Locations: sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules
Term
transitional epithelial
Definition
Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched
Allows for filling of urinary tract
Locations: ureter and bladder
Term
connective tissue
Definition
a diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix
Term
fibroblasts
Definition
produce fibers and ground substance of matrix
Term
macrophages
Definition
phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens)
Term
leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells
Term
plasma cells
Definition
synthesize antibodies (proteins)
Term
mast cells
Definition
often found alongside blood vessels
Secrete heparin to inhibit clotting
Secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels
Term
the fibers of fibrous connective tissue
Definition
collagenous
reticular
elastic
Term
GAGs
Definition
Long polysaccharides composed of amino sugars and uronic acid (disaccharides)
Regulate water and electrolyte balance of tissues
Term
loose connective tissue
Definition
Much gel-like ground substance between cells
Types
Areolar
Reticular
Term
dense connective tissue
Definition
Fibers fill spaces between cells
Types vary in fiber orientation
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Term
areolar tissue
Definition
loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space
Term
areolar tissue
Definition
Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels
Underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels
Term
reticular tissue
Definition
Mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts
Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs
Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
Term
dense regular connective tissue
Definition
Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers
Compressed fibroblast nuclei
Elastic tissue forms wavy sheets in some locations
Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together
Term
dense irregular connective tissue
Definition
Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells
Withstands unpredictable stresses
Locations: deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs
Term
white fat
Definition
main type (only fat in adults)
Term
brown fat
Definition
in fetuses, infants, children
Term
chondroblasts
Definition
cartilage cells that produce the matrix that will trap them
Term
chondrocytes
Definition
cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae (cavities)
Term
perichondrium
Definition
sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage)
Term
perichondrium
Definition
sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage)
Term
cartilage
Definition
No blood vessels
Diffusion brings nutrients and removes wastes
Heals slowly
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
Clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers
Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones
Locations: articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
Cartilage containing abundance of elastic fibers
Covered with perichondrium
Provides flexible, elastic support
Locations: external ear and epiglottis
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers
Resists compression and absorbs shock
Locations: pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs
Term
bone tissue
Definition
calcified connective tissue
Term
spongy bone
Definition
porous appearance
Delicate struts of bone: trabeculae
Covered by compact bone
Found in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones such as the sternum
Term
compact bone
Definition
denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces
More complex arrangement
Cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones
Term
compact bone
Definition
arranged in cylinders that surround central (haversian or osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones
Term
concentric lamellae
Definition
Onion-like layers around each central canal
Term
osteon
Definition
central canal and its surrounding lamellae
Term
osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells within lacunae
Term
canaliculi
Definition
delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other
Term
periosteum
Definition
tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone
Term
excitability
Definition
ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential
Term
membrane potential
Definition
electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals
Term
glial cells
Definition
Protect and assist neurons
“Housekeepers” of nervous system
More numerous than neurons
Term
nerve cells
Definition
Detect stimuli
Respond quickly
Transmit coded information rapidly to other cells
Term
neurosoma
Definition
(cell body)
Houses nucleus and other organelles
Controls protein synthesis
Term
dendrites
Definition
Multiple short, branched processes
Receive signals from other cells
Transmit messages to neurosoma
Term
axon
Definition
(nerve fiber)
Sends outgoing signals to other cells
Can be more than a meter long
Term
muscular tissue
Definition
elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation
Term
three types of muscle
Definition
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Term
muscular tissue
Definition
Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
Made of muscle fibers—long thin cells
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
Limited to the heart
Myocytes or cardiocytes are branched, shorter than skeletal muscle fibers
Contain one centrally located nucleus
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
Made of fusiform myocytes lacking striations
Cells are relatively short and have one central nucleus
Involuntary function
Most is visceral muscle—making up parts of walls of hollow organs
Term
cell junction
Definition
connections between two cells
Term
tight junction
Definition
linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins
Term
desmosome
Definition
patch that holds cells together (like a clothing snap)
Term
hemidesmosome
Definition
half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane
Term
gap junction
Definition
formed by ring-like connexons
Term
gland
Definition
cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body
Term
exocrine gland
Definition
maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct
Term
endocrine gland
Definition
have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood
Term
hormones
Definition
chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body
Term
unicellular glands
Definition
found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory
Term
capsule
Definition
connective tissue covering of exocrine gland
Term
Septa or trabeculae
Definition
extensions of capsule that divide interior of gland into compartments (lobes and lobules)
Term
stroma
Definition
connective tissue framework of the gland
Term
parenchyma
Definition
cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion
Term
gland shapes
Definition
Tubular: narrow secretory portion
Acinar: secretory cells form dilated sac (acinus or alveolus)
Tubuloacinar: both tubular and acinar portions
Term
serous glands
Definition
Produce thin, watery secretions
Term
mucous glands
Definition
Produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus
Term
mixed glands
Definition
Contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions
Term
cytogenic glands
Definition
Release whole cells (sperm and egg cells)
Term
merocrine glands
Definition
(used by eccrine glands) uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis
Term
apocrine gland
Definition
lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface
Term
holocrine gland
Definition
cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate
Term
cutaneous membrane (the skin)
Definition
largest membrane in the body
Term
mucous membrane
Definition
lines passages that open to the external environment (example: digestive tract)
Term
sublayers of mucous membrane
Definition
epithelium, lamina propria (areolar tissue), muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)
Term
serous membrane
Definition
internal membrane
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
growth through cell multiplication
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
enlargement of preexisting cells
Term
neoplasia
Definition
development of a tumor
Term
differtiation
Definition
development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue
Term
metaplasia
Definition
Changing from one type of mature tissue to another
Term
stem cells
Definition
undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function
Term
developmental plasticity
Definition
ability of a stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types
Term
totipotent
Definition
have potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell including accessory organs of pregnancy
Term
pluripotent
Definition
can develop into any type of cell in the embryo (but not accessory organs of pregnancy)
Term
embryonic stem cells
Definition
totipotent
pluripotent
Term
adult stem cells
Definition
multipotent
unipotent
Term
regeneration
Definition
replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before
Term
fibrosis
Definition
replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue
Term
atrophy
Definition
shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number
Term
necrosis
Definition
pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections
Term
apoptosis
Definition
programmed cell death
Term
tissue engineering
Definition
artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body
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