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Ch5
the integumentary system
73
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
06/11/2013

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Cards

Term
levels of organization
Definition

chemical

-atomic

-molecular

cellular

tissue

organ

system

organism

Term
skeletal system consists of________
Definition
bones and joints
Term
skeletal system functions
Definition

provides protection and support

houses cells that will become red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Term
muscular system
Definition

consists of named skeletal muscles, as well as smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

-facilitate movement

-maintain posture

-generates heat to maintain a constant body temp

Term
nervous system
Definition

consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs.

-senses and responds to body conditions through nerve impulses

Term
endocrine system
Definition

consists of hormone-producing cells and glands scattered throughout the body

-regulates the body through chemical mechanisms(by releasing hormones into the blood)

Term
cardiovascular
Definition

consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

-carries blood and nutrients to specific locations

-regulates body temperature, and water balance

Term
lymphatic system and immunity
Definition

consists of the lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes--and the other associated organs of the immune system like the tonsils, spleen and thymus gland.

-transportsfats and proteins to the cardiovascular system

-filters blood and protects against disease

Term
respiratory system
Definition

consists of the upper airways, the trachea and major bronchi, and the lungs.

-extracts O2 and eliminates CO2

-in conjunction with the kidneys, regulates acid/bases balance

Term
digestive system
Definition

consists of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, and the accessory digestive glands (salivary glands, liver, and gallbladder).

-accomplishes the physical and chemical breakdown of food and waste elimination

Term
urinary system
Definition

consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

-involved in the collection and excretion of waste products in urine, and the regulation of fluid, electrolyte, and acid/base balance

Term
reproductive system
Definition
consists of the ovaries, uterus and vagina in the female, and testes and penis in the male
Term
integumentary system
Definition
consists of the skin and related structures(hair, nails, glands)
Term
functions of skin
Definition
protects from external environment, regulates body temperature, sensory perception, secretion and absorbtion, synthesis of Vitamin D from cholestrol, and blood reservoir
Term
structure of the skin
Definition

-epidermis: outer thinner layer. avascular, consists of EP

-dermis: inner, thicker layer. vascular, consists of CT

-SubQ:located under dermis, consists of loose areolar/adipose CT that attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs

Term
epidermis is composed of__________ which contains four major types of cells:
Definition
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells,merkel cells.
Term
keratinocytes
Definition

-make up 90% of the cells

-produce keratin: a tough fibrous protein that provides protection

Term
melanocytes:
Definition
produce melanin, pigmentation, and protection against ultraviolet radiation
Term
langerhans cells
Definition
macrophages, involved in immune responses
Term
merkel cells
Definition
found in the sensation of touch
Term
the epidermis is composed of four layers in thin skin, and five layers in thick skin:
Definition

stratum basale

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

Term
stratum basale
Definition
bottom deepest layer, continous cell division, melanin produced
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
a layer of 8-10 keratinocytes
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
non dividing cells, apoptosis occurs-programmed cell death. filled with granules of keratin
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
only present in thick skin, fingertips, palms and soles.
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
always outermost layer, continuously shed and replaced by cells from deeper layer, composed of approximately 20 layers of flat cell-remnants
Term
keratinization
Definition

the replacing of viable cells in the stratum basale with more and more keratin protein as cells move from the deepest layer to the surface layer.

-constant friction stimulates keratinization causing a callus(thicker buildup of keratinocytes in the stratum corneum)

-dandruff is an excess of keratinized cells shed from the scalp

Term
melanin
Definition

brown pigment produced by melanocytes

-absorbs UV radiation protecting DNA in stratum basale cells from damage

Term
Nevi
Definition
skin pigment (moles) that are chronic lesions of the skin-they are, by definition, benign.
Term
malignant melanoma
Definition
cancer of melanocytes
Term
vitiligo
Definition

chronic disorder that causes depigmentation patches in the skin.

-pathogenesis/cause unknown, but it is likely a combination of genetic factors coupled with autoimmune disease

Term
dermis
Definition

contains collagen and elastic fibers

-contains blood vessels-supply surrounding tissue with nutrients

-consists of two regions: papillary region and reticular region

Term
papillary region
Definition

lies just below the epidermis

consists of areolar connective tissue containing thin collagen and elastic fibers

Term
reticular region
Definition
consists of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferou (sweat) glands. tears of excessive streching in this region cause stretch marks (aka striae)
Term
dermis
Definition

lines of cleavage are tension lines in the skin that indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers.

surgery: minimize scarring

-epidermal ridges reflect countours of the underlying dermal papillae and form the basis for fingerprints(and foorprints)

-increase firmness of grip by increasing friction

dermatoglphics: study of epidermal ridge patterns

Term
subcutaneous layer/hypodermis
Definition

-attaches the skin to underlying tisssues and organs.

-contains blood vessels and nerves in transit to more superficial layers

-contains pacinian (lamellates) corpuscles

-detect external pressure applied to the skin

Term
benefits of multiple layers
Definition

multiple layers in the skin allow for specialization.

-epidermis:fast turn over, resists damage and offers protection to underlying tissues.

-dermid:provides temperature stability and dehydration

-subcutaneous:insulate, store fat, and anchor the skin

Term
superficial sensory receptors:
Definition
merkel disks and meisners corpuscles and hair rot plexus
Term
deep sensory receptors
Definition
pacinian corpuscle
Term
development of integumentary system
Definition

the epidermis develops from the ectoderm.

-nails, hair, and skin glands are epidermal derivatives

-the dermis develops from the mesoderm

Term
hair
Definition

pili; present on most surfaces except palms and soles. composed of dead, keratinized, epidermal cells

genetics determines thickness and distribution

helps with touch sensations

protects the body from sun and heat loss

arrector pili muscle

Term
parts of hair include
Definition

shaft:above skin surface

root: penetrates into the dermis

follicle:below level of skin

Term
types of hair
Definition

lanugo:fine, nonpigmented hair that cover a fetus

vellus: short, fine pale hairs barely visible to naked eye

terminal hairs:long, coarse, heavily pigmented

 

color is determined by amount and type of melanin

Term
glands
Definition

are epithelial cells that secrete a substance

-endocrine, exocrine, merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

Term
endocrine gland
Definition
ductless glands-secrete hormones into interstitial fluid and then picked up by blood vessels
Term
exocrine gland
Definition

have ducts and include the following kinds of glands:

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

Term
merocrine gland
Definition

watery secretion released by exocytosis

-saliva

-sweat

Term
apocrine gland
Definition

a partion of the glandular cell pinches off and becomes part of the secretion

-mammary glands

-apocrine sweat glands

-ceruminous glands

Term
holocrine gland
Definition

whole cell becomes secretion

-sebaceous gland

Term
gland types
Definition

sebaceous (oil gland)

sudoriferous (sweat) gland

-eccrine

-apocrine

ceruminous gland (modified sweat gland)

mammary gland (modified sweat gland)

Term
sebaceous (oil) glands
Definition

are connected to hair follicles

-they secrete an oily substance called sebum:

-prevents dehydration of hair and skin

-inhibits growth of certain bacteria

Term
eccrine sweat gland
Definition

-most numerous

-secrete a watery solution (merocrine)

-cool the body and eliminate small amounts of waste

-release sweat in response to an emotional stress such as fear or embarassment "cold sweat"

Term
apocrine sweat gland
Definition

-located mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded facial region of adult males (puberty)

-secrete a slightly viscous sweat

-located mostly in subQ layer, excretory duct opens into hair follicles

-sweat secreted during emotional stress and sexual excitement

-much of body odor is due to apocrine sweat

Term
ceruminous glands
Definition

modified sweat glands located in the ear canal.

-alng with nearby sebaceous glands, they produce cerumen providing a sticky barrier preventing entry of foreign bodies into the ear canal

Term
nails
Definition

are composed of hard, keratinized epidermal cells

 

Term
nail structure includes
Definition
free edge, nail body (plate) with a whitish lunula base (thickened epithelium), nail root
Term

epidermal wound healing

 

 

Definition

-occurs follwing superficial wounds that affect only the epidermis.

-return to normal function

Term
deep wound healing
Definition

-injury extends to the dermis and subQ layer

-loss of some function and development of scar tissue

Term
inflammation
Definition

occurs when tissues are damaged (including clot formation)

-vascular and cellular response in preperation for tissue repair

-mobilizes body's defenses

-isolates and destroys microorganisms

-removes damaged cells so repair can proceed

Term
4 major symptoms of inflammation
Definition

redness

heat

swelling-edema

pain

-loss of function(variable)

Term
chemical mediators of inflammation released or activated by damaged tissues include:
Definition

-histamine (from mast cells)

-prostaglandins (from damaged cells)

Term
tissue repair process
Definition

1. during inflammation, a blood clot forms to wall off site of injury from rest of body

-clot is formed from the protein, fibrin, which comes from the blood

-surface of clot forms the scab

2. phagocytosis to clear area for repair

-neutrophils arrive as part of inflammation response

3. macrophages remove dead neutrophils and cellular debris

3. scar formation-fibroblasts from surrounding migrate to the clot to synthesize scar tissue.

4. damaged blood vessels begin to regrow

5. extensive growth of ep cells beneath scab occurs

Term
first degree burn
Definition

involves only epidermis

-no blisters, skin function remains intact, heals in two to three days, no scarring

Term
2nd degree burn
Definition

damage to epidermis and dermis

-blisters

-pain

-epidermis regenerates from edge of burn

-2-3 weeks to heal 

-may result in some scarring

-2nd degree is critical if >30% of surface area is burned

Term
3rd degree burn
Definition

epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, sweat glands, pain receptors, subQ layer all destroyed

-painless but life threatening bc of fluid loss and bacterial infection

-skin regenerates from edges, skin grafts may be necessary

-critical if >10% of surface is burned

Term
4th degree burn
Definition
destroys muscle, heat melts collagen and denatures protein
Term
carcinoma
Definition
cancer of epithelium(most common cancer)
Term
sarcoma
Definition
cancer of connective tissue
Term
basal cell carcinoma
Definition

78% of all skin cancers

-arises from abnormal growth of stratum basale in which cells lack ability to produce keratin

-generally does not metastasize

Term
squamous cell carcinoma
Definition

20% of all skin cancers

-arises from stratum spinosum

-may metastasize

Term
malignant melanoma
Definition

3% of all skin cancers, but most dangerous

-metastasizes rapidly

-arises from melanocytes of preexisting moles

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