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Ch4
tissue level of organization
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
06/11/2013

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Term
tissues
Definition
a group of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities
Term
histology
Definition

the study of microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues

-each cell type has features particular to its function

Term
Intercellular Junctions
Definition

tissues are formed by grouping cells together using a variety of intercellular junctions.

-connect adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membranes or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells

Term
types of intercellular junctions
Definition

-tight junctions

-adherens junctions

-desmosome

-hemidesmesome

-gap junction

Term
tight junctions
Definition

found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells.

-they keep materials from leaking out of organs

-found in stomach, intestines, bladder

Term
adherens junctions
Definition

make an adhesion belt(like the belt on your pants) that keep tissues from seperating as they stretch and contract.

-the adhesion belt is formed by a group of glycoproteins called CADHERINS

-cadherins attach to microfilaments in the cytoplasm

Term
desmesomes
Definition

act as "spot welds"

-they also use cadherins glycoproteins

-attach to intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm

-found in epidermis and cardiac muscle

Term
hemidesmosomes
Definition
half-welds that join cells to the basment membrane
Term
gap junctions
Definition

pores(connexons) that allow small substances like ions to pass between cells.

-if one of the cells gets sick or dies, these seal like a hatch to prevent damage to other cells

-found in cardiac and smooth muscle, cornea, and lens of eye

Term
tissues of the body develop from three primary germ layers:
Definition

endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

1. epithelial tissues from all three germ layers

2. ct and muscle are derived from mesoderm

3. nervous tissue develops from ectoderm

Term
of all the cells in the body, they combine to make only 4 types of basic tissue types:
Definition

1. epithelial tissues

2. connective tissues

3. muscle tissues

4. nervous tissues

Term
epithelium
Definition

used to line surfaces and form protective barriers.

-good at forming glands and lining hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts.

-secretes things like mucous, hormones, and other substances.

-all epithelia have a free apical surface and an attached basal surface

Term
simple squamous EP
Definition

single layer of flat cells

found in air sacs of lungs, lining of blood vessels, the heart, and lymphatic vessels, in all capillaries.

Term
simple cuboidal EP
Definition

is composed of a single layer of shaped cells.

-often found lining the tubules of the kidneys and many other glands.

Term
simple columnar ep
Definition

forms a single layer of column like cells, might have cilia, microvilli, mucous.

-goblet cells are simple columnar cells that have differntiated to aquire the ability to secrete mucous

Term
transitional ep
Definition

change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue

-apical "dome cells" of the top layer(seen here in relaxation) are an identifiable feature and signify an empty bladder. In a full bladder, the cells are flattened

Term
psuedostratified columnar ep
Definition

appears to have layers, due to nuclei which are at various depths. in reality, all cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, but some do not extend to the apical surface.

ciliated tissue has goblet cells that secrete mucous

Term
of all the cells in the body, they combine to make only 4 basic tissue types:
Definition
epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscular tissues, and nervous tissues
Term
connective tissues
Definition

protect, support, and bind organs. 

-fat is a type of CT that stores energy

-red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all CT

Term
connective tissue function:
Definition
bind tissues together, support and strengthen tissue, protect and insulate internal organs, compartmentalize and transport, energy reserves and immune responses
Term
Most numerous cell of connective tissue?
Definition
fibroblasts.
Term
chondrocytes make
Definition
the various cartilaginous CT
Term
adipocytes
Definition
store tryglicerides
Term
osteocytes
Definition
make bone
Term
white blood cells
Definition
are part of the blood
Term
how many types of white blood cells are there?
Definition
5
Term
types of white blood cells
Definition

macrophages: "big eaters" that swallow and destroy invaders or debris. they can be fixed or wandering.

neutrophils are also macrophages ("small eaters") that are numerous in the blood. mast cells and Eosinophils play an important role in inflammation

Term
areolar connective tissue
Definition

most widely distributed in the body, contains several types of cells and three fiber types. 

-used to attach skin and underlying tissues, and as a packing between glands, muscles, and nerves

Term
adipose tissue
Definition

is located in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin and around organs and joints.

-it reduces heat loss and serves as padding and as an energy

Term
dense irregular connective tissue
Definition

consists predominantly of fibroblasts and collagen fibers randomly arranged.

-it provides strength when forces are pulling from many different directions

Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
consists of chondrocytes located in threadlike network of elastic fibers. it makes up the malleable part of the external ear and the epiglottis
Term
bone
Definition
connective tissue with a calcified intracellular matrix. In the right circumstances, the chondrocytes of cartilage are capable of turning into the osteocytes that make up bone tissue.
Term
blood and lymph
Definition
are atypical liquid connective. as we have seen, blood has many cells. It also has fibers (such as fibrin that makes blood clot)
Term
muscular tissues
Definition

generate the physical force needed to make body structures move. they also generate heat used by the body.

 

Term
muscle types we are learning:
Definition

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

skeletal muscle

Term
nervous tissues
Definition
detect change in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses.
Term
neurons:
Definition
conduct electrical impulses
Term
neuroglia
Definition
support cells of nervous system
Term
excitable cells
Definition

exhibit electrical excitability, the ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials. 

ex: neurons and muscle fibers

-action potentials can propagate (travel) along the plasma membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber due to the presence of specific voltage-gated ion channels

Term
mucous membranes
Definition

line "interior" body surfaces open to the outside:

-digestive tract

-respiratory tract

-reproductive tract

Term
serous membranes line some internal surfaces:
Definition

parietal layer next to body wall

-serous fluid between layers

-visceral layer next to organ

Term
serous membrane locations
Definition

lung cavity=pleura

heart cavity=pericardium

abdominal cavity=peritoneum

Term
constriction of membrane
Definition

-parietal layer: outer layer that lines outer body walls.

-serous cavity: middle fluid filled cavity

-visceral layer: inner layer that covers organs

-epithelium=mesothelium=simple squamous EP

-connective tissue:thin layer of aerolar CT

Term
synovial membranes
Definition

enclose freely moveable joints and are made of connective tissues only.

-connective tissue cells secrete synovial fluid for lubrication

-synovial membranes also line bursas and tendon sheaths

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