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Ch. 4 Back
Blue Boxes For the Back
26
Anatomy
Professional
09/05/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
  • characterized by a net demineralization of bones
  • results from a disruption of the normal balance of calcium deposition and resorption
  • vertebral body osteoporosis occurs in all vertebrae but most commonly in thoracic
  • especially common in postmenopausal women
Term
Excessive Thoracic Kyphosis
Definition
  • humpback
  • increase in thoracic curvature (posteriorly)
  • can result from erosion of the anterior part of one or more vertebrae
  • occurs in geriatric people of both sexes
  • in women sometimes referred to as Dowager's hump
Term
Excessive Lumbar Lordosis
Definition
  • characterized by anterior rotation of the pelvis
  • increase in lumbar curvature (more convex anteriorly)
  • abnormal extension deformity may be associated with weakened trunk musculature
Term
scoliosis
Definition
  • abnormal lateral curvature accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae
  • most common back deformity in girls 12-15
  • causes of Scoliosis:
  • myopathic scoliosis- asymmetric weakness of the intrinsic back muscles
  • hemivertebra- failure of half the vertebrae to develop
  • difference of length in lower limbs
Term
Laminectomy
Definition

surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and the supporting laminae in a particular region of the vertebra column

 

commonly denotes the removal of the vertebral arch by transecting of the pedicles

Term
Fractures of the vertebrae
Definition
  • usually result from sudden forceful flexion
  • injury is typically a crush or compression fracture
  • possible to dislocate and fracture the articular facets b/w 2 vert and rupture the interspinous ligaments
Term
Spina Bifida Occulta
Definition
  • most common congenital anomoly of the vert column
  • laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally and fuse
  • present in up to 24% of people
  • location often indicated by a tuft of hair
Term
Spina Bifida Cystica
Definition
  • one or more vertebral arches may almost completely fail to develop
  • associated with the herniation of the meninges and/or spinal cord(meningomyelocele- can have neurological symptoms in severe cases)
Term

Dislocation of Vertebrae

 

Cervical Vertebrae

Definition
  • slight dislocation can occur w/o damage to the spinal cord
  • facet jumping- locking of the displaced articular processes- doesn't occur a radiograph my not indicate cord damage because the bodies can slip back into place
  • MRI may reveal the damage
Term
Severe Hyperextension of the neck
Definition

Whiplash

the anterior longitudinal ligament is severly stretched and may be torn

Term

Dislocation of Vertebrae

 

Thoracic and Lumbar

Definition

is uncommon because of interlocking articular processes

 

T11 and T12 most commonly fractured noncervical vertebrae

Term
Spondylolysis of L5
Definition

Fractures of the interarticular parts of the vertebral laminae of L5 may result in spondylolisthesis

 

Susceptibility results from a failure of the centrum of L5 to unite adequately with the neural arches during development

Term
Spondylolithesis of L5
Definition

Forward displacement of the L5 vertebral body relative to the sacrum

 

may result in pressure on the spinal nerves of the caudia equina causing back and lower limb pain

 

reduces the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic inlet

Term
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Definition
  • describes a stenotic (narrow) vertebral foramen in one or more lumbar vertebrae
  • may cause compression of one or more spinal nerve roots
  • surgical treatment: decompressive laminectomy

*note: lumbar spinal nerves inc in size as the vertebral column descends, but the IV foramina decrease

Term
Aging of Vertebrae and Intervertebral Discs
Definition

dec in bone density and strength-> superior and inferior surfaces of vert become concave-> IV discs lose turgor

 

IV disc inc in size with inc in age->more convex and diameter inc

 

Result of both interactions is osteophytes(bony spurs) around the margins of the vert. bodies

Term
Myotome
Definition
consists of all the muscles or parts of muscles recieving innervation from one spinal nerve
Term
Denervation of Lumbar Zygapophysial joints
Definition
  • a procedure that may be used for treatment of back pain caused by the disease of Zygapophysial joints
  • nerves are destroyed by radiofrequency
  • directed at the articular branches of 2 adjacent posterior rami of the spinal nerves
Term
Rupture of Transverse Ligament of Atlas
Definition
  • dens is set free-> atlanto-axial subluxation-incomplete dislocation of the median atlanto-axial joint
  • complete dislocation can lead to quadriplegia or death
Term
Rupture of Alar Ligament
Definition
  • weaker then the transverse ligament of the atlas
  • results in an increase of approximately 30% in the range of movement to the opposite side
Term

Back Pain

 

Five Categories of structures recieve innervation in the back and can be sources of pain:

Definition

1.Fibroskeletal Structures- periosteum, ligaments, and anuli fibrosi of IV discs

2. Meninges- coverings of the spinal cord

3. Synovial Joints- capsules of the zygapophysial joints

4. muscles- intrinsic muscles of the back

5. nervous tissue- spinal nerves or nerve roots exiting the IV foramina-typically referred pain

* 1st 2 are innervated by meningeal branches

*next 2 by posterior rami

Term
Lumbar Spinal Punctures
Definition
  • used to obtain a sample of CSF from the cistern
  • needle inserted into the subarachnoid space between L3 and L4
  • at these levels in adults reduced danger of damaging the spinal cord
Term
Epidural Anesthesia (Blocks)
Definition

lose sensation inferior to the level of the block

agent inserted into:1) extradural space in the sacral canal through the sacral hiatus 2) through posterior sacral foramina

Term
Ischemia of Spinal Cord
Definition
deficiency of blood to spinal cord
Term
Reduced Blood SUpply to the Brainstem
Definition
prolonged turning of the head may cause light headedness, dizziness, and other symptoms
Term
Back Sprain
Definition

an injury in which only ligamentous tissue or the attachment of ligament to bone is involved without dislocation or fracture

 

results from excessively strong contractions

Term
Back Strain
Definition
involves some degree of stretching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers
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