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Ch. 3
Chapter 3 Test Review
95
Anatomy
12th Grade
09/23/2010
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Term
The cell membrane controls:
 Definition
which substances enter and leave the cell
Term
four types of physical (passive) processes are:
 Definition
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and filtration
Term
four types of physiological (active) mechanisms are:
 Definition
active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis
Term

Diffusion is:

 

 Definition
movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentrations
Term
a concentration gradient is:
 Definition
the difference in concentrations
Term
diffusional equilibrium is:
 Definition
when the concentration gradient of a given substance becomes uniform throughout a solution
Term
substance diffuse ___ a concentration gradient
 Definition
down
Term

Two conditions that allow a substance to diffuse across a membrane are:

 

 Definition
the cell membrane is permeable to that substance and a concentration gradient exists such that the substance is at a higher concentration on one side of the membrane
Term
in body cells, oxygen usually diffuses ___ a body cell and carbon dioxide diffuses ____ a body cell.
 Definition
into; out of
Term
A physiological steady state is:
 Definition
where the concentration gradients of diffusing substances are unequal but stable
Term
five substances that cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion are:
 Definition
oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids, general anesthetics, and lipid-soluble substances
Term
the three most important factors that influence diffusion rate are:
 Definition
distance, the concentration gradient, and temperature
Term
In general, diffusion is more rapid over ___ distances, ___ concentration gradients, and at ___ higher temperatures
 Definition
shorter; larger; higher
Term
facilitated diffusion requires:
 Definition
protein carriers and protein channels
Term
substances that move across the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion are:
 Definition
ions of sodium, potassium, water-soluble molecules, glucose, and amino acids
Term
The hormone ___ promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose
 Definition
insulin
Term
osmosis is:
 Definition
movement of water throughout a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
Term
osmotic pressure is:
 Definition
the ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water
Term
water always tends to diffuse toward solutions of:
 Definition
greater osmotic pressure
Term
isotonic solutions are:
 Definition
any solutions that have the same osmotic pressure as body fluids
Term
hypertonic solutions are:
 Definition
solutions that have a higher osmotic pressure
Term
hypotonic solutions are:
 Definition
solutions that have a lower osmotic pressure
Term
Cells ___ in hypertonic solutions.
 Definition
shrink
Term
Cells ___ in hypotonic solutions
 Definition
swell
Term
Osmotic pressure ___ as the concentration of nonpermeable solutes ____.
 Definition
increases; increases
Term
the process of forcing molecules through a membrane is
 Definition
filtration
Term
filtration is commonly used to separate:
 Definition
solids from water
Term

In the body the force of filtration is produced by:

 Definition
blood pressure
Term
Movement against a concentration gradient is:
 Definition
active transport
Term
Active Transport is similar to facilitated diffusion because:
 Definition
it uses carrier molecules within the cell membranes
Term
Substances that move across the cell membrane through active transport are:
 Definition
sugars, amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, and hydrogen ions
Term
active transport requires cellular:
 Definition
energy
Term
An example of active transport is____, where 3 sodium ions move out of the cell and 2 potassium ions move in.
 Definition
the sodium-potassium pump
Term
Endocytosis is the process of:
 Definition
cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance
Term
Three forms of endocytosis are:
 Definition
pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
Term
Pinocytosis is endocytosis of:
 Definition
liquids
Term
Phagocytosis is endocytosis of:
 Definition
solids
Term
Phagocytes are:
 Definition
cells that take in solid particles such as bacteria and cellular debris
Term
Receptor-mediated endocytosis moves:
 Definition
very specific kinds of particles into the cell
Term
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, a substance must bind to a ___ before it can enter the cell.
 Definition
receptor site
Term
A ligand is:
 Definition
a molecule that binds specifically to receptors
Term
An example of a molecule that moves into a cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis is:
 Definition
cholesterol
Term
Exocytosis is the reverse of:
 Definition
endocytosis
Term
Cells secrete ___ through exocytosis
 Definition
proteins
Term
Nerve cells secrete ___ through exocytosis
 Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
Transcytosis moves substances:
 Definition
from one end of the cell to the other
Term
A virus that uses transcytosis to infect humans is:
 Definition
HIV
Term
Transcytosis is:
 Definition
endocytosis followed by exocytosis
Term
The cell cycle is:
 Definition
the series of changes that a cell undergoes, from the time it forms until it divides
Term
Daughter cells are:
 Definition
two cells that are products of cell division
Term
The four stages of the cell cycle are:
 Definition
interphase, mitosis, cytoplasm division(cytokinesis), and differentiation
Term
During interphase, a cell:
 Definition
grows and maintains its routine functions as well as its contributions to the internal environment, DNA replicated, and cells synthesizes new organelles to prepare for cytoplasmic division
Term
The phases of interphase are:
 Definition
S phase, G phase (G1 and G2)
Term
During S phase, the cell is:
 Definition
replicating DNA
Term
During G phase, the cell is:
 Definition
growing and synthesizing structures other than DNA
Term
Mitosis is:
 Definition
a form of cell division that occurs in somatic cells and produces two daughter cells from an original cell
Term
In mitosis, the resulting daughter cells are:
 Definition
genetically identical
Term
At the end of mitosis, each resulting daughter cell has __ chromosomes.
 Definition
46
Term
Meiosis is:
 Definition
cell division that occurs only in sex cells. (23 chromosomes)
Term
The division of nuclear material is called:
 Definition
karokinesis
Term
The division of cytoplasm is:
 Definition
cytokinesis
Term
The four stages of mitosis are:
 Definition
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Term
In prophase:
 Definition
centrioles move to opposite sides of the cytoplasm
Term
In prophase, the nuclear envelope:
 Definition
disappears
Term
In prophase, micotubules form:
 Definition
the spindle apparatus
Term
In prophase, chromatin condenses into:
 Definition
chromosomes
Term
Centromeres are:
 Definition
attachments sites to the spindle fibers
Term
In metaphase, spindle fibers attach to:
 Definition
the centromeres
Term
In metaphase, the chromosomes align:
 Definition
midway between the centrioles
Term
In anaphase, the ___ of the chromatids separate
 Definition
centromeres
Term
In anaphase, chromosomes move toward:
 Definition
opposite sides
Term
Telophase begins when:
 Definition
the chromosomes complete their migration toward the centrioles
Term
In telophase, a nuclear envelope:
 Definition
reforms
Term
In telophase, chromosomes begin to:
 Definition
elongate to form chromatin threads
Term
Cytoplasmic division begins in:
 Definition
anaphase
Term
____ are responsible for pinching the cytoplasm in half.
 Definition
Contactile rings
Term
The resulting daughter cells have identical ___ but they may vary ____________
 Definition
chromosomes; in size and number of organelles
Term
Three cell types that divide continually are:
 Definition
skin cells, blood-forming cells, and cells that line the intestine
Term
Neutrons divide:
 Definition
a specific number of times and then stop
Term
In laboratory conditions, cells divide:
 Definition
forty to sixty times
Term
Telomeres are:
 Definition
the tips of chromosomes that signals cells to stop dividing
Term
When chromosomes tips wear down, a cell:
 Definition
stops dividing
Term
Two types of proteins called ____ also control cell division.
 Definition
Kinases and cyclins
Term
When a cell becomes too large to obtain nutrients, it is likely to:
 Definition
divide
Term
Two examples of external controls that influence cell division are:
 Definition
hormones and growth factors
Term
Hormones are:
 Definition
biochemical manufactured in a gland and transported in the blood stream to a site where they exert an effect.
Term
Growth factors are:
 Definition
like hormones in function but act closer to their sites of synthesis.
Term
Contact inhibition prevents:
 Definition
cell division
Term
A tumor results:
 Definition
from top frequent mitosis
Term
A benign tumor is:
 Definition
one that remains in a place like a lump, eventually interfering with the function of healthy tissue.
Term
A malignant tumor is:
 Definition
one that remains in place like a lump, eventually interfering with the function of healthy tissue
Term
Two types of genes that cause cancer are:
 Definition
oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Term
Apoptosis is:
 Definition
normal programmed cell death
Term
The cell receives a signal on the ____ to die.
 Definition
cell membrane
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