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Ch. 26 The Urinary System
Anatomy
22
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/01/2014

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Term
What are the functions of the kidney?
Definition
Removes waste, regulates blood volume/composition/pH/pressure, produces hormones, gluconeogenesis
Term
What is the glomerulus?
Definition
Capillary mass from which filtrate is formed
Term
What does the glomerular capsule do?
Definition
Receives filtrate
Term
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?
Definition
Regulates BP and filtration rate
Term
What is the path of the renal tubule in the nephron?
Definition
Proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of henle to the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting ducts to the papillary ducts
Term
What are the two nephron types? Describe.
Definition

Cortical - 80-85% of all nephrons and has short loop of Henle

Juxtamedullary - 15-20% of all nephrons and has long loop of Henle

Term
What does the Henle do?
Definition
Allow kidneys to excrete very dilute or very concentrated urine
Term
What is glomerular filtration, where does it occur?
Definition
Movement of substances from blood into flitrate, located in glomeruli inside Bowman's capsule
Term
What is the filtration fraction?
Definition
Fraction of blood plasma that becomes filtrate
Term
What is anuria?
Definition
Low urine output
Term
What are the homeostatic controls of glomerular filtration rate?
Definition

Renal autoregulation - stretching of afferent capillaries causes vasoconstriction

Neural regulation - sympathetic NS vasoconstriction of afferent capillaries

Hormonal regulation - renin stimulates angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction which releases aldosterone which causes thirst which releases ADH

Term
What is the function of tubular reabsorption?
Definition
Returns most of the filtrate back to blood
Term
What is the path of tubular reabsorption and what happens in each?
Definition

Proximal convoluted tubule - active transport of Na/Cl/K/HCO3/nutrients, passive transport of urea/lipid soluble solutes, reabsorbs 100% of glucose and amino acids

Descending loop of Henle - water absorption, active transport of Na

Ascending loop of Henle - active transport of Cl, passive transport of Na/K/urea

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct - water absorption, active transport of Na, passive transport of anions and urea

Term
What is the function of tubular secretion?
Definition
Regulate pH, elimination of wastes, primarily affects urine dilution
Term
What are the circumstances of the production of dilute urine?
Definition
Absence of ADH, when ADH low tubules reabsorb more ions than water making dilute urine
Term
What is dialysis and what are the circumstances?
Definition
Separation of particles in blood across a membrane by size, when the kidney function cannot maintain levels
Term
What is CAPD?
Definition
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis - aleternative to hemodialysis, works if >30% kidney function left, peritoneum used as dialysis membrane, not tied to machine/schedule
Term
What is hemodialysis?
Definition
Requires atrial-venous shunt for access to blood, takes 4-6 hours with dialysis machine, blood returned to body, 3x per week
Term
Where are the ureters and how do they work?
Definition
Extend from renal pelvis to bladder, use perstalsis/gravity/hydrostatic pressure, full bladder pressure closes urethral openings
Term
How does the urethra work?
Definition
Extends from bladder floor to exterior of body, carries urine only in females, carries urine and semen in males
Term
How does aging affect the urinary system?
Definition
Renal efficiency loses function, urinary incontinence, urinary disorders
Term
What are renal calculi?
Definition
Kidney stones, caused by excessive calcium intake
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