Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Ch. 25 Metabolism and Nutrition
Anatomy
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/30/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the role of ATP in metabolic reactions?
Definition
Transfer energy released from catabolic reaction to anabolic reaction that requires energy
Term
How efficient are metabolic reactions?
Definition
ATP traps only about 40% of energy, 60% is lost as heat
Term
What are nutrients?
Definition
Chemicals that cells need for growth
Term
What are the different classes of nutrients?
Definition

Carbohydrates: absorbed as monosaccharides, energy production

Lipids: absorbed as fatty acids/glycerol/monoglycerides, energy storage, hormones

Proteins: absorbed as amino acids, structural, hormones, enzymes

Minerals: inorganic coenzymes

Vitamins: organic coenzymes

Water: solvent, hydrolysis reactions, lubricant

Term
What are the digestion products of carbs?
Definition
Monosaccharides, goes through different processes such as ATP production/amino acid synthesis/glycogenesis/lipogenesis/excretion in urine
Term
How do carbs enter/exit the cell?
Definition
Active transport to get in and facilitated diffusion to get out
Term
How are carbs stored?
Definition
As glycogen
Term
What are the 4 steps of cellular respiration?
Definition

1. Glycolysis

2. Pyruvate forms acetyl CoA

3. Krebs cycle

4. Electron transport chain

Term
How does cellular respiration store potential energy?
Definition
Pumps H+ ions into inner mitochondrial space creating concentration and electrical gradients
Term
What are the channels attached to that H+ flows through?
Definition
ATP synthase
Term
What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
Definition
O2
Term
What are the 4 major outcomes of the 4 major steps of cellular respiration?
Definition

1. 2-4 ATP generated through glycolysis

2. Acetyl CoA is formed

3. 2 ATP generated through Krebs cycle

4. Cytochrome proteins embed into inner mitochondrial membrane generating 32 ATP through electron transport chain

Term
What is the process of glucose storage and how does it work?
Definition
Glycogenesis, whenever glucose is not need for ATP production it is stored as glycogen, this is stimulated by insulin
Term
What is the process of glucose release called and how does it work?
Definition
Glycogenolysis, stimulated by epinephrine and glucagon, stored glycogen is converted to glucose and released
Term
What is the process of forming glucose from fats/proteins and how does it work?
Definition
Gluconeogenesis, new glucose is formed from lactic acid/amino acids/fats, occurs on large scale when starving/fasting/eating low carb diet
Term
What do lipids combine with in order to be transported?
Definition
Lipoproteins
Term
What are the digestion products of lipid metabolism?
Definition
Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, used for energy storage/energy reserves/steroid hormones/eicosanoids/cell membranes/modify proteins
Term
How do lipids enter the cell?
Definition
Small fatty acids by diffusion, larger ones and monoglycerides as micelles/chylomicrons
Term
What is lipid metabolism called and how does it work?
Definition
Lipolysis, catabolic oxidation of lipids to yield glucose, stimulated by epinephrine/norepinephrine/cortisol, beta oxidation involved
Term
What is lipogenesis?
Definition
Convert excess dietary intake of carbs/proteins/fats into triglycerides
Term
What are the digestion products of protein metabolism?
Definition
Amino acids, used as enzymes/transport molecules/antibodies/contractile elements/structure/hormones
Term
How do proteins enter the cell?
Definition
Active transport, stimulated by insulin/HGH
Term
What is transamination?
Definition
Transfer of amino group from amino acid to pyruvic acid to form nonessential amino acid
Term
What the 3 key molecules in metabolism of nutrients?
Definition
Acetyl-CoA, glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid
Term
What is phenylketonuria?
Definition
Inborn metabolic error, missin phenylalanine hydroxylase, cannot convert phenylalanine to tyrosine, phenylalanine accumulates in blood, mental retardation, diagnosed at birth
Term
What is the absorptive state of metabolism?
Definition
Ingested nutrients enter bloodstream and glucose readily available, right after meal, regulated by insuling/HGH/TH, ATP manufactured from glucose
Term
What is the postabsorptive state of nutrient metabolism?
Definition
During fasting, after ingested meal has been absorbed, regulated by glucagon/epinephrine/norepinephrine/cortisol/TH, maintain normal blood glucose levels, gluconeogenesis
Term
What is basal metabolic rate?
Definition
Energy needs of body at rest, measured after 12 hour fast, measured by O2 consumption and heat generation
Term
What are the mechanisms of body temperature homeostasis?
Definition
Hypothalamic thermostat located in the preoptic area, heat is produced when sympathetic NS increases cellular metabolic rates, exercise, shivering, heat is converted through peripheral vasoconstriction, heat is lost through radiation/conduction/convection/evaporation
Term
How is a fever caused and what are the responses?
Definition
Caused by infection/tumor/MI/surgery, responses are chills/crisis
Term
How is hypothermia caused and what are the responses?
Definition
Caused by exposure/injuries/illnesses, responses are temperature drop/cardiac arrest
Term
How does the hypothalamic feeding center regulate food intake?
Definition
Always on, stimulated by cold temperatures, stimulated by HGH/androgens/progesterone, inhibited by gastric distension and CCK
Term
What is the hypothalamic satiety center?
Definition
Causes fullness
Term
What is considered brain food?
Definition
Multivitamins, antioxidant supplements, foods rich in antioxidants, fish oil daily is best
Term
How are minerals important to the body/how are they ingested?
Definition
Ingested as food/pills, make up 4% of body's mass, required as catalysts/coenzymes
Term
What are common minerals?
Definition

Calcium: bone/teeth/coenzyme/endocrine/NS

Phosphorous: bone/teeth/buffer systems/endocrine/DNA and RNA

Iron: coenzyme/transport

Iodine: endocrine

Sodium: buffer systems/fluid balance/NS

Potassium: NS

Term
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Definition
A, D, E, K
Term
What is obesity?
Definition
Body weight is 20% above desired standard, excessive adipose tissue, increased risk of disease, affects 1/3 of US adults
Term
What are the 3 types of obesity?
Definition

Hypertrophic: adult onset, number of fat cells constant but content of cells increases

Hyperplastic: child onset, number of fat cells increases and content of cells increases

Morbid: weight is 2X the ideal weight, life threatening

Term
What are causes and treatments of obesity?
Definition

Caused by hypothalamic/thyroid disorders, early eating habits, cultural values, emotional disorders

Treated by reduced caloric intake, exercise, medically supervised fast

Term
What are heat cramps?
Definition
Loss of water and NaCl in sweat, muscle cramps after activity
Term
What is heat exhaustion?
Definition
Excessive fluid loss, increasing fatigue, weakness, anxiety, drenching sweats, circulatory collapse
Term
What is heatsroke?
Definition
The body cannot eliminate excess heat when high humidity, brain damage, cardiac arrest, decreased sweating, sking is hot/flushed/dry, rapid pulse
Term
What is malnutrition?
Definition
State of poor nutrition, caused by inadequate food intake/nutrient imbalance/malabsorption
Term
What is marasmus?
Definition
Low calories, low protein, retarded growth, emaciation
Term
What is kwashiorkor?
Definition
Normal calorie intake, incomplete proteins, abdominal edema, enlarged liver
Term
What is starvation?
Definition
Loss of energy stores, 1st stage carbs/lipids/nonessential fats are used, 2nd stage uses all stored fat, 3rd stage uses essential proteins causing death
Supporting users have an ad free experience!