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CH2
the chemical level of organization
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
06/10/2013

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Term
What chemical elements make up 96% of body mass
Definition
oxgen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Term
atoms
Definition
smallest complete unit of an element
Term
subatomic particles
Definition
building blocks of atoms
Term
nucleus
Definition
protons+, neutrons0, electrons-
Term
1st shell
Definition
2e-
Term
2nd shell
Definition
8e-
Term
3rd shell
Definition
18e-
Term
outer shell
Definition
valence shell
Term
atomic number
Definition
# of protons in an atom
Term
mass number
Definition
protons+neutrons in an atom(always a whole number)
Term
atomic mass
Definition
atomic weight--average mass of all naturally occuring isotopes. not always exactly a whole number. usually close to mass # of most abundant isotope
Term
isotopes:
Definition
elements with the same # of protons but a varying # of neutrons
Term
molecules
Definition
formed when atoms share electrons
Term
compounds
Definition
substances that contain atoms of 2 or more different elements.
Term
how are the atoms of molecules held together?
Definition
by forces of attraction called chemical bonds
Term
ionization
Definition
ions are atoms that have given up or gained an electron in their outer electron shel/valence shell. this process is known as
Term
ionic bonds
Definition
are formed from the force of attraction created between positively ad megatively charged ions
Term
cations
Definition
positively charged
Term
anions
Definition
negatively charged
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
strongest chemical bonds, formed by the atoms of molecules sharing one, two or three pairs of their valence electrons.
Term
covalent bonds may be
Definition
polar or nonpolar
Term
nonpolar covalent bond
Definition
atoms share the electrons equally (most common)
Term
polar covalent bonds
Definition
formed by unequal sharing of electrons between atoms. they are extremely important because the all-important water molecules makes use of this bond
Term
metabolism
Definition
sum of all the chemical reactions in the body
Term
inorganic compounds
Definition
structurally simple molecules that usually lack carbon, like salt potassium chloride
Term
organic compounds
Definition
always contain carbon, are usually large, complex molecules, and always have covalent bonds.
Term
solvent
Definition

this dissolves the solute

AKA WATER

Term
solute
Definition

this is what gets dissolved

AKA SUGAR IN WATER

Term
carbohydrates
Definition
provide most of the energy needed for life=sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose.
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
simple sugars
Term
dissacharides
Definition
are formed by combining two monosaccharides
Term
sucrose
Definition
glucose+fructose
Term
lactose
Definition
glucose+galactose
Term
maltose
Definition
glucose+glucose
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
largest carbohydrates and may contain hundreds of monosaccharides
Term
glycogen
Definition
principal polysaccharide in the human body; stored in the liver/skeletal muscles
Term
lipids
Definition
are another major group of organic molecules. contain c, h, o like carbohydrates, but do not have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, therefore there are a few polar covalent bonds, which makes them hydrophobic and mostly insolube in water.
Term
triglycerides
Definition
most plentiful lipids in the body and provide protection, insulation and energy.
Term
phospholipids
Definition
are important membrane components. both polar and nonpolar regions make them soluble in water and fats
Term
dipeptides
Definition
2 amino acids joined by a covalent bond called a peptide bond
Term
polypeptide
Definition
chains contain 10 to 2000 amino acids
Term
catalysis
Definition
all enzymes are proteins
Term
structure
Definition
collagen, keratin
Term
communication
Definition
some hormones, cell receptors
Term
membrane transport
Definition
form channels, carriers (for solutes across membranes)
Term
recognition and protection
Definition
glycoprotein antigens, antibodies and clotting proteins
Term
cell adhesion
Definition
proteins bind cells together
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
huge organic hydrophilic molecules that contain C, H, O, N, P, and form the principle molecules that contain our genetic code
Term
nucleic acids
Definition

-universal in living things

-carry genetic info as dna

-control the formation of the proteinsregulates the activities in our cells throughout a lifetime

Term
Nucleic acids
Definition
also used in making energy carrying molecule called ATP
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