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Ch. 24 Urinary System
Study for Final Exam
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
04/28/2009

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Term
nephron
Definition
functional unit responsible for creating urine in the kidneys
Term
glomerulus
Definition
tuft of cappilaries
Term
renal tubule
Definition
tube that transports urine through the kidney
Term
glomerular capsule
Definition
cup-shaped end of the renal tubule that covers the glomerulus
Term
renal corpuscle
Definition
name of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
Term
filtrate
Definition
name of the fluid derived from plasma that is filtered out of the blood
Term
podocytes
Definition
cells that hold fenestrated capillaries in the renal corpuscle
Term
foot processes
Definition
termination of the podocytes that cling to the capillary
Term
filtration slits
Definition
holes or slits between foot processes that filtrate flows through
Term
capsular space
Definition
area that filtrate enters after passing through the filtration slits
Term
proximal convoluted tubule
Definition
winding tube close to the renal corpuscle
Term
distal convoluted tubule
Definition
winding tube far away from the renal corpuscle and after loop of Henle
Term
Loop of Henle
Definition
hairpin loop responsible for concentrating the filtrate
Term
collecting ducts
Definition
collect filtrate from many nephrons and give medullary pyramids striated appearance. Empty into renal pelvis
Term
thin segment
Definition
descending limb also known as
Term
thick segment
Definition
ascending limb also known as (not always the whol ascending limb)
Term
cortical nephrons
Definition
type of nephron where loop of henry barely enters medullary region
Term
juxtamedullary nephrons
Definition
nephrons responsible for concentrating urine. loop of henle dips deep into the medullary region
Term
afferent and efferent arterioles
Definition
names of arterioles entering adn exiting the glomerulus
Term
peritubular capillaries
Definition
capillaries that wrap around the tubules and renal corpuscle, collecting excess fluid and draining it to venules
Term
vasa recta
Definition
capillaries surrounding loop of henle of the jextamedullary nephrons that are responsible for concentrating the urine
Term
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
Definition
where distal end of ascending loop of henle comes into contact with afferent capillaries of glomerulus
Term
granular cells
Definition
cells in arteriole walls at juxtaglomerular region that secrete renin. sense blood pressure
Term
macula densa
Definition
tall, closely compacted cells in ascending loop that contact granular cells at the juxtaglomerular apparatus. chemoreceptors for changes in NaCl concentration.
Term
filtration membrane
Definition
consists of capillaries, basement membrane, and podocytes
Term
glomerular filtration
Definition
first step of urine formation. passive process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through a membrane. high glomerular blood pressure and highly permeable high surface area of the filtration membrane make this work very well.
Term
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Definition
volume of filtrate formed per minute by the activity of ALL glomeruli in kidneys
Term
renal autoregulation
Definition
kidneys ability to maintain constant GFR by adjusting resistance to blood flow
Term
myogenic mechanism
Definition
tendency of smooth muscle to constrict when stretched (by higher blood pressure)
Term
tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
Definition
if GFR is too high, NaCl passing macula densa is too high. this causes constriction of afferent arteriole.
Term
intrinsic controls
Definition
control of the GFR stems from this category of regulation
Term
extrinsic controls
Definition
regulation of systemic blood pressure results from these, often at the expense of the kidneys
Term
renin
Definition
converts angiotensionogen to angiotensin I. signal for renin release comes from either low arterial pressure or activated macula densa by low NaCl concentration
Term
ACE
Definition
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Term
angiotensin II
Definition
this hormone causes vasoconstriction, causes release of antidiuretic hormone, and promotes reabsorption of Na
Term
tubular reabsorption
Definition
second step of urine formation. substances filtered into filtrate from capillary taken back up.
Term
Na+
Definition
this ion is actively reabsorbed
Term
passive tubular reabsorption
Definition
things that diffuse into blood following a concentration gradient
Term
secondary active transport
Definition
glucose, amino acids, lactate, vitamins, and other ions are taken up via this method.
Term
transport maximum
Definition
maximum amount of a specific type of substance that the tubules are able to reabsorb
Term
tubular secretion
Definition
step three of urine creation.
Term
osmolality
Definition
number of solute particles dissolved in 1 kg of water and reflects the solutions ability to cause osmosis
Term
countercurrent mechanism
Definition
mechanism by which current flowing in two different directions controls osmolality in the kidneys and urine excretion
Term
micturition, voiding
Definition
2 other more medical terms for the release of urine, or urination, or peeing
Term
incontinence
Definition
peeing when you didnt mean to is called
Term
urinary retention
Definition
bladder unable to release its contents
Term
catheter
Definition
small tube used in men to aid in urination when urinary retention is a problem
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