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Ch. 24 The Digestive System
Anatomy
87
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/29/2014

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Term
What are the two types of food processing?
Definition

Mechanical: chewing, tearing, grinding etc

Chemical: catabolic reactions, enzymatic hydrolysis

Term
What are the 6 phases of food processing?
Definition

1. Ingestion

2. Secretion

3. Mixing and propulsion

4. Digestion

5. Absorption

6. Defecation

Term
What is the order of the GI tract?
Definition
Mouth to pharynx to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine
Term
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Definition
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Term
What is the purpose of mucosa?
Definition
Protection
Term
What is the purpose of submucosa?
Definition
Controls release of secretion by GI organs, extends entire length of GI tract
Term
What is the purpose of the muscularis?
Definition
Swallowing and defecation using skeletal muscle, 2 layers of smooth muscle used for compressing and mixing and peristalsis
Term
What is the purpose of the serosa?
Definition
Visceral serosa cover organs, parietal serosa line walls of abdominopelvic cavity
Term
What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?
Definition

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Muscularis

4. Serosa

Term
What is the peritoneum?
Definition
Falciform ligament which attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
Term
What are the functions and components of the mouth?
Definition

Functions: food acquisition and chewing

Components: uvula which closes nasal cavity and vestibule which is the sapce bound by cheeks/lips and gums/teeth

Term
What are the 3 main sets of salivary glands?
Definition
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.
Term
What is the function of the salivary glands?
Definition
Lubricate, moisten, soften food, chemical digestion using enzymes
Term
What does the tongue do?
Definition
Bolus formation, speech, chewing, lingual glands, taste, papillae (some have taste buds)
Term
What are the parts of the teeth?
Definition
Dentin is the calcified CT which forms most of the tooth, enamel is the covering over the dentin, cementum and ligaments hold the tooth in the socket
Term
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
Definition
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, function in swallowing
Term
What are the functions of the esophagus and what layer of the GI tract is it?
Definition
Secrete mucus, transport food, composed of muscularis
Term
What is the mechanism of wavelike contractions that propel th ebolus down the esophagus to the stomach?
Definition
Peristalsis
Term
What is deglutition?
Definition
Act of swallowing food, bolus moving from mouth to stomach, voluntary when the tongue forces bolus to back of the oral cavity and in oropharynx, involuntary when passing into oropharynx, involuntary when moving into esophagus
Term
What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?
Definition
Also called heartburn, inadequate closure of lower esophageal sphincter, HCl from stomach irritates esophagus, chronic can bring risk of esophageal ulxers and cancer, treated with HCl secretion inhibitors
Term
What are the functions of the stomach?
Definition
Mix food, food reservoir, chemical digestion, antibacterial because acidic, absorbs B12/alcohol/water/ions/some drugs, pH of 2.5
Term
What are the 4 main regions of the stomach?
Definition
Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
Term
What is a pylorospasm?
Definition
Pyloric sphincter muscle abnormality
Term
What is pyloric stenosis?
Definition
Chyme prevented form moving to small intestine resulting in projectile vomiting
Term
What is a gastroscopy?
Definition
Visualization via fiber optic instruments
Term
What are the 3 muscle layers of the stomach?
Definition
Oblique, circular, longitudinal
Term
How is the stomach protected from gastric juice?
Definition
1-3 mm layer of alkaline mucus
Term
What is chyme?
Definition
Soupy liquid produced by digestion
Term
How long is food in the stomach?
Definition
About 2-4 hours
Term
What is vomiting?
Definition
Forcible expulsion of chyme, stimulated by unpleasant sights/anesthesia/dizziness/drugs, nerve impulses sent to vomiting center in medulla oblongata
Term
What are the parts of the pancreas?
Definition
Head, body, tail
Term
What cells are in the pancreas?
Definition
Langerhans cells and acini cells
Term
What is the pancreas regulated by?
Definition
ANS and hormones
Term
What enzymes and compounds are a part of pancreatic juic?
Definition
Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease
Term
What is pancreatitis?
Definition
Inflammation, trypsin digests pancreatic cells, caused by alcoholism/gallstones/cystic fibrosis/high levels of calcium or fats in blood
Term
What is pancreatic cancer linked to?
Definition
Linked to alcohol consumption/fatty foods/smoking/chronic pancreatitis
Term
What is the liver and its functions?
Definition
Largest gland, second largest organ, bile is produced by the hepatocytes, functions in metabolism of carbs/proteins/lipids, synthesis of bile salts, storage of vitamins/minerals, removal of drugs/hormones from blood, excretion of bilirubin, activates vitamin D, phagocytosis of RBC/WBC/bacteria
Term
What is the path of blood in the liver?
Definition

1. Hepatic artery or hepatic portal vein

2. Liver sinusoids

3. Central vein

4. Hepatic vein

5. Inferior vena cava

6. Right atrium of heart

Term
What are the functions of the gallbladder?
Definition
Stores and concentrates bile until needed, CCK causes ejection of bile
Term
What are gallstones?
Definition
Form from crystallized cholesterol due to insufficient bile salts or excessive cholesterol, risk factors are being obese/middle aged/female, treatments include gallstone-dissolving drugs/lithotripsy/surgery
Term
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
Definition
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Term
What is the purpose of microvilli in the small intestine?
Definition
Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
Term
What is segmentation in the small intestine?
Definition
Localized mixing contractions which mix chyme and bring it in contact with mucosa for absorption
Term
How does chemical digestion in the small intestine work?
Definition
Uses enzymes peptidase/sucrase/lactaste/maltase/lipase/nuclease, enzymatic digestion takes place at absorptive cells lining villi
Term
How does the small intestine play a role in absorption?
Definition
90% of all absorption occurs in small intestine, water absorbed by osmosis, electrolytes by active transport
Term
How does the nervous system affect the small intestine?
Definition
Parasympathetic stimulation increases motility, sympathetic stimulation decreases motility
Term
How does the presence of chyme affect the small intestine?
Definition
Increases motility/secretions
Term
Where does the large intestine go from?
Definition
Extends from ileocecal sphincter to the anus
Term
How does large intestinal mechanical digestion work?
Definition
Called haustral churning, peristalsis allows for 3-12 contractions per minute
Term
How does chemical digestion work in the large intestine?
Definition
Bacterial digestion not enzymatic, fermentation of carbs and amino acids
Term
How much absorption does the large intestine have?
Definition
Out of 9L only 1L is large intestine
Term
What is feces and what are the components?
Definition
Dehydrated chyme, components are water/inorganic salts/sloughed-off epithelial cells/bacteria/bacterial waste products
Term
What is the defecation reflex?
Definition
Elimination of feces from rectum, initiated by stretch receptors as rectum becomes filled
Term
What is diarrhea and constipation?
Definition
Diarrhea is increased motility and decreased absorption, constipation is decreased motility and increased absorption
Term
What are the 3 phases of digestion?
Definition

1. Cephalic phase

2. Gastric phase

3. Intestinal phase

Term
What is the cephalic phase of digestion?
Definition
Sights, thoughts, tastes, CN X stimulates secretion of gastric juice during this phase
Term
What is the gastric phase of digestion?
Definition
When food reaches stomach, neural and hormonal mechanisms, promotes secretion of gastric juice, increases gastric motility
Term
What is the intestinal phase of digestion?
Definition
When food enters the small intestine, neural and hormonal mechanisms, stimulates secretion of bile/pancreatic juice
Term
How does aging affect digestion?
Definition
Decreased secretions, decreased motility, loss of muscular strength and tone, reduced hormone levels
Term
What are dental caries?
Definition
Tooth decay, plaque contains acid-producing bacteria, acids demineralize enamel and dentin
Term
What is periodontal disease?
Definition
Inflammation and degeneration of gingivae/alveolar bone/periodontal ligament/cementum
Term
What is peptic ulcer disease?
Definition
Craterlike lesions in GI tract, bleeding and perforation can be very serious, caused by Heliobacter pylori and aspirin and HCl hypersecretion
Term
What is colorectal cancer?
Definition
2nd deadliest cancer in males, 3rd deadliest cancer in females
Term
What is Hepatitis?
Definition
Inflammation of liver caused by different viruses
Term
How is Hepatitis A trasnmitted?
Definition
Fecal contamination on food/clothes/toys/eating utensils, prevented by vaccine
Term
How is Hepatitis B trasnmitted?
Definition
Transmitted by sexual contact/shared needles/saliva/tears, prevented by vaccine
Term
What is anorexia nervosa?
Definition
Chronic self-induced weight loss, genetic basis, may die of starvation, treated by psychotherapy and diet regulation
Term
What is bulimia?
Definition
Binge-purge syndrome, overeating followed by exercise/emesis/laxatives
Term
What is borborygmus?
Definition
Intestinal growling, gases moving through intestines
Term
What is cholecystitis?
Definition
Gallbladder inflammation, blocked cystic duct by bile stones or autoimmune attack
Term
What is colitis?
Definition
Colon-rectum mucous membrane inflammation, autoimmune condition, causes diarrhea/cramps/bloody stools
Term
What is a colostomy?
Definition
Surgical stoma produced in body wall, diverts feces from anus to collection bag
Term
What is dysphagia?
Definition
Difficulty in swallowing
Term
What is enteritis?
Definition
Inflammation of intestine, especially SI
Term
What is eructation?
Definition
Belching, release of stomach gas, chronic belching usually not sign of disease but a learned behavior
Term
What is flatus?
Definition
Gas expelled through anus, from carbonated drinks/swallowing air/smoking/fermentation
Term
What is a hernia?
Definition
Protrusion of all or part of organ through membrane, diaphragmatic or inguinal most common
Term
What are the 2 inflammatory bowel diseases?
Definition
Chron's disease and Ulcerative colitis
Term
What is Chron's disease?
Definition
GI inflammation
Term
What is ulcerative colitis?
Definition
Large intestine inflammation and bleeding
Term
What is irritable bowel syndrome?
Definition
Stress induced, alternating periods of diarrhea and constipation
Term
What is malocclusion?
Definition
Poor fit of upper and lower teeth
Term
What is botulism?
Definition
Foodborne, wound is infected by Clostridium botulinum, in infants they can consume spores of C. botulinum which grow in intestines and release the toxin
Term
What is a canker sore?
Definition
Painful mucous membrane ulcer, females more susceptible than males, may be food allergy or autoimmune reaction
Term
What is cirrhosis?
Definition
Enlarged/scarred liver, caused by chronic inflammation
Term
What are the benefits of alcohol consumption?
Definition
Moderate drinking may stave off mental decline, may result in lower coronary risk, may increase angiogenesis in tumors, overall alcohol is more negative than positive
Term
What are treatments for nausea and vomiting?
Definition
Drink small amounts of clear sweetened liquids, no solid food, rest
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