Term
| What structures are apart of the upper respiratory tract? |
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Definition
| Nose, pharynx, associated structures. |
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Term
| What structures are apart of the lower respiratory tract? |
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Definition
| Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. |
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Term
| What are the 2 functional zones in the respiratory system and what do they do? |
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Definition
Conducting zone: bringing air to site of external respiration such as the nose/pharynx/larynx/trachea/bronchi/bronchioles/terminal bronchioles
Respiratory zone: main site of gas exchange such as respiratory bronchioles/alveolar ducts/alveolar sacs/alveoli |
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Term
| Where does air pass through in the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary/secondary/tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. |
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Term
| What are the 2 sections of the nose? |
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Definition
External nose: visible on face
Internal nose: large caivty beyond nasal vestibule which is divided by nasal septum/has nasal bones/has alar cartilage |
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Term
| What are the 4 paranasal sinuses? |
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Definition
| Frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, maxillary. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the nose? |
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Definition
| Warms/moistens/filters incoming air, sense of smell, sound resonance, modification. |
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Term
| What are the nasal conchae? |
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Definition
| Protrude from each lateral wall into breathing passages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extends from internal nares. |
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Term
| What are the regions of the pharynx and what structures do they contain? |
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Definition
Nasopharynx: internal nares, Eustachian tubes, pharyngeal tonsil
Oropharynx: fauces, palatine and lingual tonsils for air/food/drink
Laryngopharynx: connects espohagus and larynx for air/food/drink |
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Term
| Where is the larynx located? |
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Definition
| Joining of pharynx to trachea. |
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Term
| What are the 3 unpaired cartilages in the larynx? |
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Definition
Epiglottis: covers glottis and protects airway
Thyroid: Adam's apple
Cricoid: tracheotomy landmark |
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Term
| What are the 3 paired cartilages in the larynx? |
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Definition
| Arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform. |
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Term
| What are the false vocal cords of the larynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the true vocal cords of the larynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is resonance controlled in the larynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the structure of the trachea. |
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Definition
| Windpipe (12 cm), extends from larynx to right/left bronchi, c-shaped cartilage which holds trachea open for inhalation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opening into trachea (emergency). |
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Term
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Definition
| Tube inserted into mouth/nose and passed through larynx and trachea. |
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Term
| What is the order from the bronchi to the bronchioles? |
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Definition
| Primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi -> bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
| Small branches of bronchial tree, terminal bronchioles extend into alveolar clusters, respiratory bronchioles extend directly to alveoli |
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Term
| What are the ANS effects on the bronchi? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic which dilates the bronchi, parasympathetic effects which constricts the bronchi. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enclosed by pleural membrane, the pleural cavity is between the two membranes and contains small amount of lubricating fluid. |
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Term
| What is the levels of organization for the lungs? |
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Definition
| Lungs -> lobe -> segment -> lobule -> alveoli |
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Term
| What is the function and structure of alveoli? |
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Definition
| Functions in gas exchange, has thickness of .5 micrometers, SA of 750 sq ft. |
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Term
| What are the 4 layers of the respiratory membrane? |
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Definition
1. Alveolar wall
2. Epithelial basement membrane
3. Capillary basement membrane
4. Capillary endothelial cells |
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Term
| How does blood supply to the lungs work? |
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Definition
Bronchial arteries: bring oxygenated blod to lung tissues
Pulmonary arteries: bring deoxygenated blood to lungs to pick up oxygen |
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Term
| What is pulmonary ventilation? |
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Definition
| Breathing, exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood |
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Term
| What is external respiration? |
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Definition
| Exchange of gases between lungs and blood |
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Term
| What is internal respiration? |
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Definition
| Exchange of gases between blood and cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of air into lungs, diaphragm and external intercostals involved. |
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Term
| What is forceful inhalation? |
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Definition
| When body needs more air, sternocleidomastoid/scalenes/pectoralis minor involved |
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Term
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Definition
| Passive process of moving air out of lungs, no muscles involved just elastic recoil |
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Term
| What is forceful exhalation? |
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Definition
| Body needs more air exchange, active process, abdominals/internal intercostals involved |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is hyperventilation? |
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Definition
| Rapid/deep breathing, allows exhalation of CO2 and inhalation of more O2 until reaches normal levels, can hold breath much longer but risks fainting |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow and shallow breathing |
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Term
| How many respirations occur per minute? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many liters are respired per minute? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Volume of one breath which is about 500 mL |
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Term
| What is inspiratory reserve volume? |
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Definition
| Volume added to TV by deep breath. |
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Term
| What is expiratory reserve volume? |
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Definition
| Maximum forced volume out in one second following forced inhalation, greatly reduced by COPD. |
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Term
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Definition
| Air never expelled from respiratory system when alive |
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Term
|
Definition
| Air remaining when thoracic cavity opened to atmospheric air |
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Term
| What is the formula for inspiratory capacity? |
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Definition
| Inspiratory capacity = Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume; IC = TV + IRV |
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Term
| What is the formula for funcitonal residual capacity? |
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Definition
| Functional residual capacity = Residual volume + Expiratory reserve volume; FRC = RV + ERV |
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Term
| What is the formula for vital capacity? |
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Definition
| Vital capacity = Inspiratory reserve volume + Tidal volume + Expiratory reserve volume; VC = IRV + TV + ERV |
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Term
| What is the total capacity? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Volume is inversely related to pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pressure of gas mixture equal to sum of each of individual gas partial pressures |
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Term
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Definition
| Solubility of gas is directly proportional to its pressure |
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Term
| What might impedence of external respiration be caused? |
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Definition
| High altitude, respiratory disorders, medications |
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Term
| How might assistance of external respiration be caused? |
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Definition
| Normal gas gradients, thin respiratory membrane, rapid pulmonary blood flow, capillary diamter, alveolar SA |
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Term
| What is the haldane effect? |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin affinity for CO2 decreases as more O2 binds to it |
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Term
| What are signs and treatments of CO poisoning? |
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Definition
Signs: bright cherry-red color of lips/oral mucosa
Treatment: pure O2 which hastens oxygenation |
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Term
| How does the medulla oblongata control respiration? |
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Definition
| Contains medullary rhythmicity area which sets basic rhythm, communicates with the diaphragm viz phrenic and intercostal nerves |
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Term
| What does the pons do to control respiration and what two areas are involved? |
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Definition
Switches between inhalation and exhalation
Pneumotaxic area: limits inhalation and overrides apneustic area
Apneustic area: limits exhalation, stimulates inhalation |
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Term
| What are the cortical influences on the respiratory center? |
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Definition
| Voluntary breath holding, emotions, thoughts |
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Term
|
Definition
| O2 levels too high, oygen poisoning |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Above normal increase in CO2 levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| Below normal drop in CO2 levels |
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Term
| What does the limbic system control with respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does temperature affect respiration? |
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Definition
| Increase such as in a fever increases respiration rate |
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Term
| How does pain influence respiration? |
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Definition
| Initial apnea (not breathing) then increase in rate |
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Term
| How does BP influence respiration? |
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Definition
| Increase in BP decreases respiration rate |
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Term
| How does aging affect elasticity/rigidity of airways and tissues, vital capacity, perfusion (blood flow to lungs)? |
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Definition
| Elasticity of airways/tissues decreases with age, rigidity increases with age, vital capacity decreases, perfusion decreases. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chronic constriction and inflammation of airways, sudden onset, triggered by allergens/emotion/chemicals, symptoms are coughing/wheezing/dyspnea(difficulty breathing), treated with epinephrine/anti-inflammatory drugs/albuterol |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 3rd leading cause of death, most common cause is smoking or secondhand smoke |
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Term
|
Definition
| A COPD, rupture of alveoli, symptoms are low O2 levels and high CO2 levels and barrel chest, causes are cigarette smoking/pollution/liver dysfunction, treatments are stopping smoking/breathing exercises/bronchodilators/O2 therapy |
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Term
| What is Chronic Bronchitis? |
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Definition
| Inflammation of bronchial passages resulting in increased mucus secretion, caused by cigarette smoking/allergens/pollution, symptoms are productive cough/wheezing/shortness of breath |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bronchogenic carcinoma, caused by cigarette smoking/air pollution/radon gas/asbestos |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by bacteria/protists/viruses/chemicals/fungi and attacks immunocompromised individuals, symptoms include inflamed and infected alveoli/alveoli filling with pus/O2 levels dropping, treatments include antibiotics/bronchodilation/O2 therapy/increased fluid intake |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, immunocompromised/homeless/young males are at risk, treated by long term antibiotics |
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Term
|
Definition
| Common cold, caused by hundreds of different viruses/stress, symptoms included upper respiratory discomfort/congestion/runny nose/cough |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid around and in alveoli, caused by increased pulmonary capillary permeability and pressure, symptoms include dyspnea/wheezing/tachypnea/restlessness |
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Term
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Definition
| Inherited, cause of death is lung disease, blockage of ducts with mucus, treated by pancreatic extracts/vitamin supplements/high fat diet/liberal salt in diet/genetic engineering, most common lethal genetic disease in whites |
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Term
| What is Sudden Infant Daeth Syndrome? |
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Definition
| Known as crib death, usually between 2 weeks - 6 months, possibly caused by laryngeospasm/sleep center underdevelopment, treated by sleep apnea monitor/putting infant on back when sleeping |
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Term
| What is respiratory distress syndrome? |
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Definition
| Premature newborns especially C-section babies, can occur in adults, insufficient surfactant leading to alveoli collapse, treated by cortisol/surfactant/supportive breathing techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| Viral, flu, prevented with annual vaccine, symptoms include fever/headache/muscular aches/cold-like symptoms |
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Term
| What is a pulmonary embolism? |
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Definition
| Embolus travels to pulmonary artery, blocks O2 rich blood to heart, leads to heart attack, high death risk, can occur after bedrest from surgery/injury |
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Term
|
Definition
| O2 starvation, low O2 levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhalation of a foreign object |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chronic bronchi or bronchiole dilation |
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Term
| What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation? |
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Definition
| Medical technique to stimulate heartbeat and respiration |
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Term
| What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration? |
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Definition
| Common in infants, also just before death in adults, repeated cycle of irregular breathing |
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Term
|
Definition
| Painful or labored breathing |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is Heimlich maneuver? |
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Definition
| First-aid maneuver to clear airway obstruction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spitting of blood from respiratory tract |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bubbling or rattling sounds from lungs, abnormal fluid or bronchoconstriction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Machine to assist ventilation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of mucous membrane of nose |
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