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Ch. 23 The Respiratory System
Anatomy
94
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/23/2014

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Term
What structures are apart of the upper respiratory tract?
Definition
Nose, pharynx, associated structures.
Term
What structures are apart of the lower respiratory tract?
Definition
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
Term
What are the 2 functional zones in the respiratory system and what do they do?
Definition

Conducting zone: bringing air to site of external respiration such as the nose/pharynx/larynx/trachea/bronchi/bronchioles/terminal bronchioles

Respiratory zone: main site of gas exchange such as respiratory bronchioles/alveolar ducts/alveolar sacs/alveoli

Term
Where does air pass through in the respiratory system?
Definition
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary/secondary/tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
Term
What are the 2 sections of the nose?
Definition

External nose: visible on face

Internal nose: large caivty beyond nasal vestibule which is divided by nasal septum/has nasal bones/has alar cartilage

Term
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
Definition
Frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, maxillary.
Term
What are the functions of the nose?
Definition
Warms/moistens/filters incoming air, sense of smell, sound resonance, modification.
Term
What are the nasal conchae?
Definition
Protrude from each lateral wall into breathing passages.
Term
Where is  the pharynx?
Definition
Extends from internal nares.
Term
What are the regions of the pharynx and what structures do they contain?
Definition

Nasopharynx: internal nares, Eustachian tubes, pharyngeal tonsil

Oropharynx: fauces, palatine and lingual tonsils for air/food/drink

Laryngopharynx: connects espohagus and larynx for air/food/drink

Term
Where is the larynx located?
Definition
Joining of pharynx to trachea.
Term
What are the 3 unpaired cartilages in the larynx?
Definition

Epiglottis: covers glottis and protects airway

Thyroid: Adam's apple

Cricoid: tracheotomy landmark

Term
What are the 3 paired cartilages in the larynx?
Definition
Arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform.
Term
What are the false vocal cords of the larynx?
Definition
Ventricular folds.
Term
What are the true vocal cords of the larynx?
Definition
Vocal folds.
Term
Where is resonance controlled in the larynx?
Definition
Upper respiratory tract.
Term
Describe the structure of the trachea.
Definition
Windpipe (12 cm), extends from larynx to right/left bronchi, c-shaped cartilage which holds trachea open for inhalation.
Term
What is a tracheotomy?
Definition
Opening into trachea (emergency).
Term
What is intubation?
Definition
Tube inserted into mouth/nose and passed through larynx and trachea.
Term
What is the order from the bronchi to the bronchioles?
Definition
Primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi -> bronchioles
Term
What are bronchioles?
Definition
Small branches of bronchial tree, terminal bronchioles extend into alveolar clusters, respiratory bronchioles extend directly to alveoli
Term
What are the ANS effects on the bronchi?
Definition
Sympathetic which dilates the bronchi, parasympathetic effects which constricts the bronchi.
Term
Describe the lungs.
Definition
Enclosed by pleural membrane, the pleural cavity is between the two membranes and contains small amount of lubricating fluid.
Term
What is the levels of organization for the lungs?
Definition
Lungs -> lobe -> segment -> lobule -> alveoli
Term
What is the function and structure of alveoli?
Definition
Functions in gas exchange, has thickness of .5 micrometers, SA of 750 sq ft.
Term
What are the 4 layers of the respiratory membrane?
Definition

1. Alveolar wall

2. Epithelial basement membrane

3. Capillary basement membrane

4. Capillary endothelial cells

Term
How does blood supply to the lungs work?
Definition

Bronchial arteries: bring oxygenated blod to lung tissues

Pulmonary arteries: bring deoxygenated blood to lungs to pick up oxygen

Term
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Definition
Breathing, exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood
Term
What is external respiration?
Definition
Exchange of gases between lungs and blood
Term
What is internal respiration?
Definition
Exchange of gases between blood and cells
Term
What is inhalation?
Definition
Movement of air into lungs, diaphragm and external intercostals involved.
Term
What is forceful inhalation?
Definition
When body needs more air, sternocleidomastoid/scalenes/pectoralis minor involved
Term
What is exhalation?
Definition
Passive process of moving air out of lungs, no muscles involved just elastic recoil
Term
What is forceful exhalation?
Definition
Body needs more air exchange, active process, abdominals/internal intercostals involved
Term
What is eupnea?
Definition
Normal breathing.
Term
What is hyperventilation?
Definition
Rapid/deep breathing, allows exhalation of CO2 and inhalation of more O2 until reaches normal levels, can hold breath much longer but risks fainting
Term
What is hypoventilation?
Definition
Slow and shallow breathing
Term
How many respirations occur per minute?
Definition
12
Term
How many liters are respired per minute?
Definition
6 L
Term
What is tidal volume?
Definition
Volume of one breath which is about 500 mL
Term
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Definition
Volume added to TV by deep breath.
Term
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Definition
Maximum forced volume out in one second following forced inhalation, greatly reduced by COPD.
Term
What is residual volume?
Definition
Air never expelled from respiratory system when alive
Term
What is minimal volume?
Definition
Air remaining when thoracic cavity opened to atmospheric air
Term
What is the formula for inspiratory capacity?
Definition
Inspiratory capacity = Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume; IC = TV + IRV
Term
What is the formula for funcitonal residual capacity?
Definition
Functional residual capacity = Residual volume + Expiratory reserve volume; FRC = RV + ERV
Term
What is the formula for vital capacity?
Definition
Vital capacity = Inspiratory reserve volume + Tidal volume + Expiratory reserve volume; VC = IRV + TV + ERV
Term
What is the total capacity?
Definition
Sum of all volumes
Term
What is Boyle's Law?
Definition
Volume is inversely related to pressure
Term
What is Dalton's Law?
Definition
Pressure of gas mixture equal to sum of each of individual gas partial pressures
Term
What is Henry's Law?
Definition
Solubility of gas is directly proportional to its pressure
Term
What might impedence of external respiration be caused?
Definition
High altitude, respiratory disorders, medications
Term
How might assistance of external respiration be caused?
Definition
Normal gas gradients, thin respiratory membrane, rapid pulmonary blood flow, capillary diamter, alveolar SA
Term
What is the haldane effect?
Definition
Hemoglobin affinity for CO2 decreases as more O2 binds to it
Term
What are signs and treatments of CO poisoning?
Definition

Signs: bright cherry-red color of lips/oral mucosa

Treatment: pure O2 which hastens oxygenation

Term
How does the medulla oblongata control respiration?
Definition
Contains medullary rhythmicity area which sets basic rhythm, communicates with the diaphragm viz phrenic and intercostal nerves
Term
What does the pons do to control respiration and what two areas are involved?
Definition

Switches between inhalation and exhalation

Pneumotaxic area: limits inhalation and overrides apneustic area

Apneustic area: limits exhalation, stimulates inhalation

Term
What are the cortical influences on the respiratory center?
Definition
Voluntary breath holding, emotions, thoughts
Term
What is hyperoxia?
Definition
O2 levels too high, oygen poisoning
Term
What is hypoxia?
Definition
Tissue deficiency of O2
Term
What is hypercapnia?
Definition
Above normal increase in CO2 levels
Term
What is hypocapnia?
Definition
Below normal drop in CO2 levels
Term
What does the limbic system control with respiration?
Definition
Excitement/fear
Term
How does temperature affect respiration?
Definition
Increase such as in a fever increases respiration rate
Term
How does pain influence respiration?
Definition
Initial apnea (not breathing) then increase in rate
Term
How does BP influence respiration?
Definition
Increase in BP decreases respiration rate
Term
How does aging affect elasticity/rigidity of airways and tissues, vital capacity, perfusion (blood flow to lungs)?
Definition
Elasticity of airways/tissues decreases with age, rigidity increases with age, vital capacity decreases, perfusion decreases.
Term
What is asthma?
Definition
Chronic constriction and inflammation of airways, sudden onset, triggered by allergens/emotion/chemicals, symptoms are coughing/wheezing/dyspnea(difficulty breathing), treated with epinephrine/anti-inflammatory drugs/albuterol
Term
What is COPD?
Definition
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 3rd leading cause of death, most common cause is smoking or secondhand smoke
Term
What is emphysema?
Definition
A COPD, rupture of alveoli, symptoms are low O2 levels and high CO2 levels and barrel chest, causes are cigarette smoking/pollution/liver dysfunction, treatments are stopping smoking/breathing exercises/bronchodilators/O2 therapy
Term
What is Chronic Bronchitis?
Definition
Inflammation of bronchial passages resulting in increased mucus secretion, caused by cigarette smoking/allergens/pollution, symptoms are productive cough/wheezing/shortness of breath
Term
What is lung cancer?
Definition
Bronchogenic carcinoma, caused by cigarette smoking/air pollution/radon gas/asbestos
Term
What is pneumonia?
Definition
Caused by bacteria/protists/viruses/chemicals/fungi and attacks immunocompromised individuals, symptoms include inflamed and infected alveoli/alveoli filling with pus/O2 levels dropping, treatments include antibiotics/bronchodilation/O2 therapy/increased fluid intake
Term
What is Tuberculosis?
Definition
Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, immunocompromised/homeless/young males are at risk, treated by long term antibiotics
Term
What is Coryza?
Definition
Common cold, caused by hundreds of different viruses/stress, symptoms included upper respiratory discomfort/congestion/runny nose/cough
Term
What is pulmonary edema?
Definition
Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid around and in alveoli, caused by increased pulmonary capillary permeability and pressure, symptoms include dyspnea/wheezing/tachypnea/restlessness
Term
What is Cystic Fibrosis?
Definition
Inherited, cause of death is lung disease, blockage of ducts with mucus, treated by pancreatic extracts/vitamin supplements/high fat diet/liberal salt in diet/genetic engineering, most common lethal genetic disease in whites
Term
What is Sudden Infant Daeth Syndrome?
Definition
Known as crib death, usually between 2 weeks - 6 months, possibly caused by laryngeospasm/sleep center underdevelopment, treated by sleep apnea monitor/putting infant on back when sleeping
Term
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
Definition
Premature newborns especially C-section babies, can occur in adults, insufficient surfactant leading to alveoli collapse, treated by cortisol/surfactant/supportive breathing techniques
Term
What is Influenza?
Definition
Viral, flu, prevented with annual vaccine, symptoms include fever/headache/muscular aches/cold-like symptoms
Term
What is a pulmonary embolism?
Definition
Embolus travels to pulmonary artery, blocks O2 rich blood to heart, leads to heart attack, high death risk, can occur after bedrest from surgery/injury
Term
What is asphyxia?
Definition
O2 starvation, low O2 levels
Term
What is aspiration?
Definition
Inhalation of a foreign object
Term
What is bronchiectasis?
Definition
Chronic bronchi or bronchiole dilation
Term
What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation?
Definition
Medical technique to stimulate heartbeat and respiration
Term
What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration?
Definition
Common in infants, also just before death in adults, repeated cycle of irregular breathing
Term
What is dyspnea?
Definition
Painful or labored breathing
Term
What is epistaxis?
Definition
Nosebleed
Term
What is Heimlich maneuver?
Definition
First-aid maneuver to clear airway obstruction
Term
What is hemoptysis?
Definition
Spitting of blood from respiratory tract
Term
What is pneumectomy?
Definition
Removal of a lung
Term
What is Rales?
Definition
Bubbling or rattling sounds from lungs, abnormal fluid or bronchoconstriction
Term
What is a respirator?
Definition
Machine to assist ventilation
Term
What is Rhinitis?
Definition
Inflammation of mucous membrane of nose
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