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Ch23 respiratory system last part
starts at gas transport
109
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/02/2012

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Term
B/c Blood plasma cannot transport enough O2 or CO2 to meet physiological needs, who helps them? give its 2 fcns
Definition

RBC's 1.Transport O2 to tissues CO2 from tissues

2. Remove O2 and CO2 from plasma:allowing gases to diffuse into blood

Term
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to ______________________(1)
Definition
hemoglobin (Hb)
Term
O2 binds to iron ions in hemoglobin (Hb) molecules in a _______rxn
Definition
reversible
Term
when O2 binds to iron ions in hemoglobin (Hb) molecules this new molecule is called (1)
Definition
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
Term
oxyhemoglobin forms during (1)
Definition
external respiration
Term
each heme group binds
Definition
four oxygen molecules
Term
Each ______ mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries about _________ mL of oxygen
Definition
100, 200
Term
Hemoglobin Saturation def
Definition
is the % of heme units in a hemoglobin molecule that are bound to oxygen
Term
Environmental Factors Affecting  the ability of O2 to bind to Hemoglobin (4)
Definition

1.PO2 of blood

2•Blood pH

3•Temperature

4•Metabolic activity within RBCs(are they converting carbonic acid to H+ &bicarbonate : H+  into blood =lowers blood pH)
Term
Oxygen–Hemoglobin Saturation Curve def
Definition
A graph relating the :
saturation of hemoglobin
& partial pressure of oxygen
Term
Higher PO2 results in (1)
Definition
greater Hb saturation

(more oxygen bound to hemoglobin)
Term
why is the Oxygen–Hemoglobin Saturation Curve a curve and not a straight line? (1)
Definition
because Hb changes shape each time a molecule of O2 is bound

(allostery)
Term
because Hb changes shape each time a molecule of O2 is bound this allows (2)
Definition
1.Each O2 bound makes next O2 binding easier
(fist one binds, Hb affinity for 2nd one and it binds easier)

2.Allows Hb to bind O2 when O2 levels are low
Term
O2 diffuses from ______ into________
Definition
From peripheral capillaries (high PO2) •Into interstitial fluid (low PO2) HIGH (100) to low (40)
Term
Amount of O2 released into interstial fluids depends on(1), where is the rest of it?(1)
Definition
interstitial PO2

Up to 3/4 may be reserved by RBCs
Term
carbon monoxide poisoning occurs
Definition
CO binds 200 times greater to hemoglobin than oxygen so you die of suffocation
Term
The Oxygen–Hemoglobin Saturation Curve
•Is standardized for (2)
Definition
normal blood at a pH 7.4 and temp 37C
Term
The Oxygen–Hemoglobin Saturation Curve:
Curve shifts to right when? (2)
Definition
When pH DROPs or temperature rises:
MORE oxygen is released to tissues

recall hb chnages shape as oxygen binds=
needs energy=
heat (temp rises!)
Term
The Oxygen–Hemoglobin Saturation Curve:
Curve shifts to left when? (2)
Definition
When pH RISES or temperature DROPs:
LESS oxygen is released to tissues
Term
when the partial pressure of oxygen is 70 mmHg , what % is hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen?
Definition
92.7
Term
The effect of pH on hemoglobin-saturation curve is called the (1)
Definition
Bohr Effect
Term
the primary compound responsible for the Bohr effect is
Definition
carbon dioxide (which diffuses into RBCs)
Term
An enzyme in RBCs, called ____________________, catalyzes the rxn btwn carbon dioxide & H2O
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
Term
How does the rxn btwn carbon dioxide & H2O lower the blood pH: Begin stating the products of the rxn & where they go in body (3)
Definition

product is:carbonic acid (H2CO3) 1•Dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the BLOOD plasma

•Hydrogen ions diffuse out of RBC, lowering pH

Term
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the P CO2 should be ______________
Definition
low
Term
The % of O2 saturation of Hb when the pH is 7.6 is ____________ than the % of O2 SATURATION of Hb when the pH is 7.2
Definition

GREATER!

 

why: recall at a low pH hemogloblin releases O2 = 

less is bound (less saturated)

 

so at HIGH pH there is more O2 bound and NOT being released.

Term
if Temperature increase then % of oxygen RELEASED by Hb is
Definition
greater
Term
if Temperature decrease then % of oxygen RELEASED by Hb is
Definition
less
Term
Temperature effects are significant only in area of the body? (1)
Definition
active tissues that are generating large amounts of heat
•For example, active skeletal muscles
Term
The % of O2 saturation of Hb when the temp is 38C is ________ than the % of O2 saturation of Hb when the temp is 43C.
Definition
greater

(b/c at low temp Hb is holding on to the oxygen and not releasing it)
Term
(BPG)stands for
Definition
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Term
how is (BPG) made (1)
Definition
recall RBCs generate ATP by glycolysis
• one of the steps forms:
lactic acid and BPG
Term
if BPG is increased, then the release of oxygen from Hb will be
Definition
increased
Term
what can elevate BPG levels (2)
Definition
Increases in pH & certain hormones
Term
If BPG levels are too low,
Definition
less oxygen released by hemoglobin
Term
At the same PO2:
•Fetal Hb binds _____ O2 than adult Hb
Definition
more

(allows fetus to take O2 from maternal blood)
Term
CO2 in the bloodstream can be carried by what 3 ways
Definition
1.Converted to carbonic acid (carbon dioxide and water)
2.Bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells
3.Dissolved in plasma
Term
•Carbon dioxide and water combine to form _________ acid
Definition
carbonic
Term
•% of CO2 is transported as carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Definition
70
Term
how Bicarbonate Ions Move into plasma
Definition
exchange mechanism called a chloride shift
Term
describe how the chloride shift works (2)
it driven by(1)
Definition
takes Cl- ions IN
bicarbinate OUT

of RBCs via a countertransporter without using ATP

driven by:Driven by a rise in PCO2
Term
where does CO2 Bind to Hemoglobin? it forms?(1)
Definition
amino groups of globular proteins in Hb forms:carbaminohemoglobin
Term
what % CO2 is Bound to Hemoglobin
Definition
23%
Term
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the PCO2 should be __________
Definition
low
Term
what % of CO2 is transported dissolved in plasma
Definition
7%
Term
Peripheral and Alveolar Capillaries •Maintain balance during gas diffusion by:
Definition

1. Changes in blood flow& oxygen delivery

2. Changes in depth and rate of respiration

Term

Rising PCO2 levels :

cause(1)

 

which causes (2)

 

 

Definition

relax bronchiolar smooth muscle 

in:arterioles and capillaries

 

which in turn causes: Increase blood flow •Increases the rate of breathing (10% increase in CO2)

Term
Coordination of lung perfusion and alveolar ventilation shifts (1)
Definition

blood flow

 

(recall alvelar ventilation aids with return of venous blood to heart)

Term
what is the MOST important chemical regulator of respiration (1)? & why (2)
Definition
the partial pressure levels of CO2 Control bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
Term

The Respiratory Centers of the Brain respond to (1)

how do they fix it? (2)

Definition

respond to low levels of O2  

 

byincreasing :

cardiac output & respiratory rates

Term
region of the brain that affects respiratory system (1)
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
Voluntary centers in cerebral cortex affect (2)
Definition

1.Respiratory centers of pons and medulla oblongata 

 

2.Motor neurons that control respiratory muscles

Term
Respiratory centers of pons and medulla oblongata respond to (1)
Definition
to sensory information via respiratory reflexes
Term
Respiratory Centers of the Medulla Oblongata fcn
Definition
Set the pace of respiration
Term
Respiratory Centers of the Medulla Oblongata: Can be divided into what 2 groups
Definition

1. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

2. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Term
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) aka (1)
Definition
Inspiratory center
Term
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)overall fcn
Definition

Establishes the normal rate & depth of breathing

 

 

Term
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) is used in what type/s of breathing? (2)
Definition
quiet and forced breathing
Term
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG )aka (2)
Definition

Inspiratory and expiratory center

 

 

 

ventral means front = 

front can do both

while back can only do inhale

Term
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)is used in what type/s of breathing?(1)
Definition

only in forced breathing

 

that's why its in charge of both centers

Term
Duing quiet breathing: inspiration is _____ exspiration is_______
Definition

1.active(muscle contractions)

 

2.passive

Term

1.the DRG center is stimulated during

2. then neurons become inactive during

Definition

1.inhalation in quiet breathing (DRG stimulates muscles)

 

2. passive exhalation

Term
Under ________ conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ______% of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs
Definition

quiet conditions

 

75%

Term
Forced Breathing involves what centers of brain (4)
Definition

Apneustic Centers of the Pons

pneumotaxic

DRG (note also quiet)

VRG

Term
Apneustic breathing Increases activity in ____ center and stimulates the ______
Definition

1.DRG

2.VRG= activates accessory inspiratory muscles for forced breathing

Term
After forced inhalation what centers are stimulated? (2)
Definition
Expiratory (vrg) center &  Pneumotaxic neurons stimulate active exhalation
Term
During FORCED inhalation what centers are active (3) what centers are inhibited(2)?
Definition

Active :DRG

 inspiratory center of VRG

Apneustic center of pons

 

Inhibited: Expiratory center of VRG

& dont forget about Pneumotaxic center in pons

Term
During FORCED exhalation what centers are active (2) what centers are inhibited (3)?
Definition

Active: Expiratory center of VRG is active.

Pneumotaxic center of Pons

 

 Inhibited: DRG 

inspiratory center of VRG

apneustic center

 

Term
Pneumotaxic Centers of the Pons promote
Definition
Promote passive OR active exhalation
Term
stimulating the apneusitic center promote
Definition
Prolonged/more intense INSPIRATIONS
Term
Pneumotaxic Centers inhibit (1)
Definition
the apneustic centers

(they modify the rate/pace and depth of breathing
Term
Apneustic and Pneumotaxic Centers of the Pons Receive input from (2)
Definition
hypothalamus and cerebrum
Term

HIGHER CENTERS Cerebral cortex ,Limbic system ,Hypothalamus stimulate or inh the Apneustic and Pneumotaxic Centers of the Pons

inh?

stim:?

Definition

stimulate the Pneumotaxic Centers

 

inh the Apneustic (want to reduce your breathing that may result from emotions, visual, and memories)

Term
the nerve of the diaphragm is the (1)
Definition
phrenic nerve
Term

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

(2)

Definition

Disrupts normal respiratory reflex pattern •

May result from connection problems between:

pacemaker complex & respiratory centers (aka respiratory centers do not respond with a change in heart rate)

Term
the chemoreceptors of the Respiratory Reflexes detect changes in (4)
Definition

PCO2, PO2, or pH of blood or cerebrospinal fluid

 

aka what all the nerves detect

Term
changes in blood pressure are mointored by
Definition
Baroreceptors in aortic or carotid sinuses
Term
who responds to changes in lung volume
Definition
stretch receptors
Term
Respiratory centers are strongly influenced by chemoreceptor input from:(3)
Definition
Glossopharyngeal nerve (N IX) •Vagus nerve (N X) •Central chemoreceptors that monitor cerebrospinal fluid
Term
The glossopharyngeal nerve recieve info from (1)
Definition

carotid bodies

(think pharynx is neck where carotid artery is)

Term
The vagus nerve recieve info from (1)
Definition
aortic bodies
Term
The glossopharyngeal & vagus nerve are stimulated by (2)
Definition
changes in blood pH or PO2
Term
if the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies were blocked what would happen?
Definition
brain’s couldnt change breathing in response to changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH
Term
who  monitors cerebrospinal fluid(1)
Definition
central medullary chemoreceptors
Term
Central medullary chemoreceptors respond to (2)
Definition
PCO2 and pH of CSF
Term
An increase in arterial PCO2 refers to a condition called? what is stimulate & outcome
Definition
hypercapnia (stimualtes Central medullary chemoreceptors to INCREASE breathing rate)
Term
a common cause of hypercapnia
Definition
Hypoventilation (CO2 build up in blood)
Term
Excessive ventilation, hyperventilation, results in abnormally low PCO2 results in
Definition
(hypocapnia)

(stimualtes Central medullary chemoreceptors to DECREASE breathing rate)
Term
When blood pressure falls:
•Respiration
Definition
increases
Term
When blood pressure increases:
•Respiration
Definition
decreases
Term
Hering- Breuer
Definition
Protects the lungs from damage from overinflation
Term
Two baroreceptor reflexes involved in forced breathing are
Definition
Inflation & Deflation reflex
Term
Inflation reflex fcn
Definition
Prevents overexpansion of lungs
Term
Deflation reflex stimulates

inhibits
Definition
Stimulates inspiratory centers during lung deflation

Inhibits expiratory centers
Term
Protective Reflexes
•Triggered by receptors in epithelium of respiratory tract when lungs are exposed to:
Definition
•Toxic vapors
•Chemical irritants
•Mechanical stimulation
•Cause sneezing, coughing, and laryngeal spasm
Term
Apnea def

is followed by (3)
Definition
A period of suspended respiration

•Normally followed by explosive exhalation to clear airways
•Sneezing and coughing
Term
Laryngeal Spasm def
Definition
Temporarily closes airway To prevent foreign substances from entering
Term
Emotional stress can activate sympathetic or parasympathetic division of ANS
•Causing (2)
Definition
bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction
Term
Respiratory System BEFORE Birth (4)
Definition
1.Pulmonary vessels are collapsed/resistance is high

2.Rib cage is compressed

3•Lungs contain no air (only a small amount of fluid)

4•Alveoli are collapsed/compressed
Term

Respiratory System During delivery: 

the blood has a PO2 _____

PCO2 _________

(rises/falls)

Definition

•Blood flow to the lungs increases •Placental connection is lost •

Blood PO2 falls; PCO2 rises

Term
Respiratory System at 35 weeks produces (1)
Definition
surfactant
Term
Newborn overcomes force of surface tension (by surfactant)in order to
Definition
inflate bronchial tree and alveoli =
take first breath
Term
baby's first breath
Definition
Large drop in pressure:

Pulls blood into pulmonary circulation
•Closing foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
•Redirecting fetal blood circulation patterns
•Subsequent breaths fully inflate alveoli
Term
Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System
Definition
1. Elastic tissues deteriorate
2.Respiratory muscles weaken
3.Arthritic (joint) changes
Term
Elastic tissues deteriorate cause (3)
Definition
1.lung compliance changes

2.lowering vital capacity (lowers amount of inhale,exhale,tidal vol)

3.Costal cartilages become more flexible
Term
Arthritic changes cause (2)
Definition
Restrict chest movements
•Limit respiratory minute volume
Term
Emphysema affects what age?

is caused by?
Definition
affects people over age 50
Depending on exposure to respiratory irritants (e.g., cigarette smoke)
Term
Effects of emphysema (4)
Definition
Alveoli collapse,
compliance increases,
PCO2 elevates,
PO2 decreases
Term
Coordination of Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems in order to (3)
Definition
Improves efficiency of gas exchange by controlling lung perfusion
•Increases respiratory drive through chemoreceptor stimulation
•Raises cardiac output and blood flow through baroreceptor stimulation
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