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| the "freedom" that Kenya gained on December 12th, 1963 |
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| Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal |
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| the four European powers in 1945 that controlled almost all of Africa |
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| Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, and South Africa |
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| the only independent African nations in 1945 |
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| the cry for independence said by people both inside and outside Africa |
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| name for Ghana before 1957 |
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| man who liberated the Gold Coast and became prime minister of Ghana in 1957; said "Before the arrival of the Europeans, our ancestors had attained a great empire....Thus we may take pride in the name of Ghana, not out of romanticism, but as an inspiration for the future." |
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| African farmers who were displaced by white settlers in Kenya |
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| man who liberated Kenya and became prime minister in 1963 and president in 1964; said "The land is ours. When Europeans came, they kept us back and took our land." |
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| the British name for the guerrillas in Kenya |
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| the people of Algeria who the French wanted to keep from winning independence |
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| National Liberation Front (FLN) |
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| group set up by Muslim Algerian nationalists that turned to guerrilla warfare to win freedom from France |
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| World War II hero who became the president of France in 1958 who ended the war with Algeria in 1962 |
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| leader in Tanzania who embraced socialism during the Cold War |
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| nationalist leader in Senegal |
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| countries on the Red Sea that were involved in a long, bloody war supported respectively by the Soviet Union and the US |
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| the Organization of African Unity (OAU) |
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| group set up in 1963 that promoted cooperation among member, supuported independence, and sought peaceful settlement of disputes |
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| agency set up by the OAU to channel much-needed investment capital from foreign sources into development programs |
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| group that helped Africa with agencies like the International Red Cross, Oxfam, and Doctors Without Borders with issues such as famine, the fighting in Zaire, and starvation in Biafra, Nigeria |
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| "Independence is the beginning of a real struggle" |
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| declaration of one liberation leader in Africa |
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| country with divisions between the Arabic-speaking Muslim majority in the north and the minority African Christian groups in the south |
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| British name for African goup within a colony; one ruled the others in an area |
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| political structure in which a country has a single political party, or only one party that has any real likelihood of winning elections |
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| brutal tyrant who murdered thousands of citizens in Uganda |
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| what some Africans demanded; they hoped to build on traditions that had worked in the past |
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| having both private and state-run enterprises; some African nations set up these - had problems |
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| semidesert region that stretches across Africa south of the Sahara that goes through intense desertification |
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| the spread of desert areas |
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| environmental activist in Kenya who challenged government policy by starting the Greenbelt movement |
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| movement started by Wangari Maathi that wanted to restore the environment and create job opportunities for women in areas such as planting trees, marketing, and forestry |
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| the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS |
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| 1998 group that helped the AIDS epidemic in Africa |
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| epidemic that spread rapidly across Africa, especially in Uganda and Tanzania |
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| Nigerian poet who wrote the poem "The Casualties" |
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| Nigerian Muslim ethnic groups in the north |
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| oil-rich southeast Nigerian ethnic Christian group |
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| southwest Nigerian Christian and Muslim ethnic group |
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| southeast state in Nigeria declared independent by Ibo leaders in 1967 |
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| capital of Nigeria that is one of the five largest cities in the world by population |
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| General Ibrahim Babangida |
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| Nigerian general in the 1980s who imposed harsh economic reforms to restore economic stability |
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| a renowned writer and critic of Babangida's regime in Nigeria who was executed |
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| army general in the Congo who seized power and imposed order and renamed the nation Zaire |
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| Mobutu's name fore the Congo, meaning "big river" |
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| man in Zaire in 1997 who forced Mobutu from power and renamed the country the Democratic Republic of Congo |
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| the Democratic Republic of Congo |
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| new name for Zaire given to the country in 1997 by Laurent Kabila |
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| name of Tanzania before 1961 when Nyerere took over |
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| system that Nyerere used in Tanzania that was based on African village traditions of cooperation and shared responsability |
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| Swahili word that means "familyhood" or "mutual cooperation"; Nyerere promoted the idea |
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| Nyerere's successor in Tanzania in 1985 who cut government spending |
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| British businessman who took control of the region known as Southern Rhodesia in the 1890s |
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| Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo |
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| two leaders of nationalist groups that waged guerrilla warfare in Zimbabwe |
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| party in South Africa that won a majority in a "whites-only" parliament; created the apartheid |
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| system of racial segregation that was extended by the Afrikaner National party in 1948 |
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| African National Congress (ANC) |
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| organization founded in 1912 that, in the 1950s, organized protests against the apartheid |
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| place where there was a massacre in 1960 when police gunned down 69 people who were in a peaceful protest for the ANC |
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| man who was in the ANC, arrested, inspiring, and became the president of South Africa |
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| organization with young South Africans who took part in acts of civil disobedience against apartheid laws |
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| black Anglican bishop who won the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid in 1984 |
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| new South African president in 1989 who abandoned the apartheid, repealed the hated pass laws, and lifted the ban on the ANC, freed Mandela and negotiated with him |
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| "Let us build together"; Mandela's slogan and guiding policy |
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| new president of South Africa in 1999 |
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| Southwest African People's Organization (SWAPO) |
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| group formed in the 1960s that turned to armed struggle to win independence |
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| country formed in 1990 after the Cold War and agreement was reached to hold free elections |
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| colonies that Portugal clung fiercely to |
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| dictator of Portugal in the 1960s who rejected African demands for freedom |
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| African-descended citizens of other lands |
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