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| India's Independence Day; when power had passed from British colonial rulers into the hands of Indians themselves |
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| Indian National Constitution |
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| Indian document that set goals "...to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic, and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQALITY of status and opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the Nation." |
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| leader of the Muslim League who insisted that Muslims have thereir own state, Pakistan |
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| the seperate Muslim state that Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League wanted |
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| divide; like what happened to the subcontinent of India when Britain divided it because of riots between Hindus and Muslims |
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| a big religion in India besides Hindu |
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| the "father of the nation" |
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| nickname for Mohandas Gandhi |
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| Indian who turned to satyagraha to restore peace, but was shot and killed by a Hundu extremist in 1948 |
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| India's first prime minister who, on the topic of Gandhi's death, said "The light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness everywhere" |
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| party in India that Indians had united behind to achieve independence |
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| in india when powers are divided between a strong central government and smaller local governments; recognized 15 official languages and 35 major regional languages |
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| under this the Congress party dominated Indian politics from 1947 to the early 1990s |
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| Nehru's daughter who served as prime minister after her father died |
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| Nehru's grandson who served as prime minister after Indira Gandhi |
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| the Italian-bron widow of Rajiv who now has entered India's political arena |
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| Bharatiya Janata party (BJP) |
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| the fundamentalist party that called for a government built on Hindu principles; only had power for a few years in India |
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| city in which, in 1992, the BJP backed calls for the destruction of a mosque to have a Hindu temple built there; the mosque was destroyed |
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| region of northwestern India where some Sikhs wanted an independent state and occupied the Golden Temple in Amritsar; thousands of Sikhs died and Indira Gandhi was assassinated |
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| place in Amritsar where, in 1984, Sikh separatists occupied and thousands of Sikhs died |
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| a Roman Catholic nun who founded an order in Calcutta called the Missionaries of Charity |
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| the Missionaries of Charity |
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| an order in Calcutta set up by Mother Teresa to help the urban poor; has provided food and medical care to thousands |
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| children of God; what Gandhi called the untouchables |
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| Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) |
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| organization of women that formed production and marketing cooperatives, opened banks, and provided classes and legal advice for poor women |
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| formerly East Pakistan before they broke away in 1971 |
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| new civilian president in Pakistan who promised to make a "prosperous and progressive Pakistan"; was overthrown, tried, and executed |
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| Bhutto's daughter who served as prime minister twice between 1988 and 1996 and was ousted both times |
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| Muslim province that Muslim militants demanded that Pakistan aggressively assert its right to rule; caused severe economic woes and widespread corruption |
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| leader of the military in Pakistan who "dismissed" the elected government and suspended the constitution; claimed that "the choice before us was of saving the body, the nation, at the cost of losing a limb, the constitution." |
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| destruction of forest land; caused terrible floods in Pakistan when monsoon rains were heavy |
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| paying intrest on loans; takes 40 percent of Pakistan's budget |
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| fierce circular windstroms; are a frequent threat to Bangladesh |
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| what Pakistan and India both tested in 1998; agreed to "confidence0building measures" to ease tensions and improve relations |
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| a radical Muslim faction in Afghanistan who controlled much of the country; imposed harsh rule and harbored Muslim extremists from other countries and was accused of sending militants to stir up fighting between India and Pakistan over Kashmir |
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| an island nation off the southeastern coast of India; most people Buddhists who spoke Singhalese |
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| language on Sri Lanka that a minority goup who spoke it charged the government with discrimination , waged war, and failed in the end |
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| president of Egypt in the 1950s who said "We are [erasing] the traces of the past, We are building our country on strong and sound bases" |
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| how western powers refer to the region with China, Japan, and Southeast Asia |
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| a disputed name for the region from Egypt in the west to Iran in the east and from Turkey in the north to the Arabian Peninsula in the south |
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| an ethnic group divided by modern borders among Turkey, Iraq, and Iran |
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| survived in the Arab League, which promoted Arab solidarity in times of crisis and worked for common economic goals |
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| document that Britain issued in 1917 which pledged support for a Jewish national home in Palestine |
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| to formally agree to treat an area as a legitimate government; what the United States and Soviet Union both did to Israel |
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| collective farms that produced crops for export |
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| the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 |
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| uprooted 700,000 Arabs from Palestine; UN helped out in Palestine |
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| Iraq's dictator who brutally suppressed opponents but enjoyed some popular backing because their social and economic policies improved life for many |
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| showed that oil could be a powerful diplomatic and economic weapon; oil is unevenly distributed |
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| converts salty sea water into fresh water; oil-rich countries have built plants for this purpose |
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| giant dam erected in the late 1980s by Turkey that's goal was to irrigate southeastern Turkey with water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
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| provide guidance on all aspects of Islamic life - from religious faith, law, and government to family and business relationships |
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| cover that Islamic women traditionally wear, but many urban women gave up this practice |
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| Iranian religious leader who angrily denounced the government and wrote "Look at those pits, those holes in the ground where people live, dwellings you reach by going down a hundred steps into the ground, homes people have built out of rush matting or clay so their poor children can have somewhere to live" |
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| 1920s ruler who wanted to transform Turkey into a modern secular state |
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| an island in the eastern Mediterranean that Turkey waged a long struggle over in a dated conflict between Greeks and Turks; was partitioned in the end |
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| military officer in Arabia who rose to power after the overthrow of a weak ruler who had allowed foreigners to dominate his country; set out to modernize Egypt; captured the Suez Canal saying "The Canal is the property of Egypt" |
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| dam that Nasser built in the 1960s on the upper Nile; created a huge reservoir, Lake Nasser, as well as more than two million acres of new farmland |
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| the triangular area of marshland at the mouth of the river; the Aswan High Dam caused erosion in the Nile's |
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| new president of Egypt in 1970 who took steps to open Egypt to foreign investment and private business |
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| Sadat's successor in Egypt who reaffirmed the peace with Israel |
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| Shah of Iran in 1945 who had western backing but faced many opponents at home |
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| leader of the nationalists in Iran's parliament wh ovoted to nationalize the oil industry; was ousted in the end by the US |
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| the shah's action that reduced the pwer of Islamic scholars, teachers, and legal experts; was supported by the army, the westernized elite, and others who prospered under the shah |
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| a title given to learned Shiite legal experts |
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| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini |
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| Iranian who condemned western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law; had many supporters |
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| government ruled by religious leaders; set up by Khomeini in Iran |
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| Israel's first prime minister in 1948 who quoted scripture "the land whereto we have returned to inherit it, it is the inheritance of our fathers and within it no stranger has part or parcel... We have taken unto us our fathers' inheritance" - First Book of Maccabees |
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| what the Arabs called the taking over of Palestine to be Israel; said in the Palestinian National Charter "Palestine is the homeland of the Arab Palestinian people. It is an indivisible part of the Arab homeland, and the Palestinian people are an integral part of the Arab nation" |
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| the Arab-Israeli struggle |
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| one of many issues that focused worldwide attention on the Middle East |
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| area dependent on the support of a stronger power; Iraq, Syria, and Libya were these to the Soviet Union |
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| the Arab-Israeli Conflict |
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| fights in the Middle East when they just kept fighting in 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973; the UN, US and others wanted peace negotiations |
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| Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) |
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| group lead by Yasir Arafat who wanted to destroy Israel; waged guerrilla war against Israelis at home and abroad |
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| leader of the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) |
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| mass uprising mounted in 1987 by Palestinians in territory held by Israel |
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| disputed area that Israeli forces won in 1967 and then was disputed over again in 1994 |
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| Israeli prime minister who, in 1993, signed the Oslo accord; warned that "A bloody conflict, which has been raging for 100 years can only be resolved by means of a process - not a stopwatch" |
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| gave Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank city of Gericho limited self-rule |
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| independent group headed by Yasir Arafat to rule part of the occupied territories; promised to end terrorist activity against Israel |
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| Rabin's successor who was a critic of Rabin's peace policies; slowed peace process |
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| radical Palestinian group that opposed the peace process; ;denounced Arafat as a puppet of Israel and launched new bombings and other attacks |
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| one-sided; Arafat announced his readiness to make this kind of declaration of Palestinian independence if further progress did not come quickly |
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| agreement brokered by Bill Clinton in 1998 that brought Arafat and Netanyahu together to put the peace process back on track by scheduling further withdrawals of Israeli troops from disputed lands |
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| new Israeli prime minister in 1999 who replaced Netanyahu; proposed a new timetable for Israeli withdrawal and the negotiation of other thorny issues |
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| Christian sect in Lebanon |
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| a sect derived from Islam in Lebanon |
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| bands of citizen soldiers; in Lebanon in 1975, Christian and Muslim these battled for control of villages and of Beirut, the capital city |
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| the capital city of Lebanon which the Christian and Muslim militias fought over |
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| Iraqi dicatator who, in 1980, seized a disputed border region from Iran which escalated into a war over the oil fields in the Persian Gulf |
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| strait that connects the Persian Gulf to the open ocean |
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| oil-rich nation that Iraqi troops invaded in 1990 |
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| war when American missiles and bombers destroyed targets in Iraq |
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| areas over which Iraqi aircraft were not permitted to fly |
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