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Ch. 22 Digestive System
Study for Final Exam
73
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
04/28/2009

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Term
alimentary canal
Definition
the main tube through which food passes. continuous and muscular and digests food, then absorbs it.
Term
accessory digestive organs
Definition
teeth, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
Term
ingestion
Definition
the taking in of food usually through mouth
Term
propulsion
Definition
swallowing and peristalsis
Term
mechanical digestion
Definition
breaking down of food via chewing, churning, mixing with tongue, and rhythmic local constriction of food in intestine
Term
segmentation
Definition
rhythmic local constrictions of intestines in which food is repeatedly moved over the entire segment of intestinal walls
Term
chemical digestion
Definition
breaking down of food via enzymes and chemicals secreted into lumen of alimentary canal
Term
absorption
Definition
passage of digested food, vitamins, minerals, water from lumen into blood or lymph.
Term
defecation
Definition
elimination of indigestible items from body
Term
retroperitoneal
Definition
organs that lie posterior to the mesentary/parietal peritoneum
Term
spanchnic circulation
Definition
arteries that branch off abdominal aorta to serve digestive organs and hepatic portal circulation
Term
hepatic portal system
Definition
delivers blood from digestive viscera to the liver for metabolic processing or storage
Term
mucosa
Definition
moist inner lining of the alimentary canal. secretes mucus enzymes and hormones, absorbs into blood, and protects from disease
Term
lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
Definition
3 layers of the mucosa
Term
MALT
Definition
protect us from pathogens in intestines (appendix and pharynx main sites)
Term
submucosa
Definition
layer deep to mucosa, cntaining blood supply, nerves, and elastic fibers in stomach
Term
muscularis externa (muscularis)
Definition
segmentation and peristalsis occur due to this layer of alimentary canal. inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
Term
serosa
Definition
protective layer on outside of alimentary organs. simple squamous layer and secretes fluid
Term
adventitia
Definition
replacement of serosa on outside os esophagus and retroperitoneal organs. connective tissue
Term
enteric neurons
Definition
in-house nerve supply that allows gut organs to communicate with one another
Term
submucosal nerve plexus
Definition
plexus controlling the glands and smooth muscle of mucosal layer
Term
myenteric nerve plexus
Definition
nerve plexus controlling muscularis externa
Term
oral orifice
Definition
opening to the mouth
Term
vestibule
Definition
area between lips and gums/teeth
Term
labial frenulum
Definition
median fold that connects the lips to the gums
Term
red margin
Definition
visible red area of the lips
Term
uvula
Definition
finger-like projection in back of throat
Term
fauces
Definition
arches area of oropharynx that contains palatine tonsils
Term
bolus
Definition
ball of food created by tongue in mouth that is swallowed
Term
lingual frenulum
Definition
fold of epithelium connecting tongue to floor of mouth
Term
filiform papillae
Definition
conical projectins on tongue. most abundant
Term
fungiform papillae
Definition
mushroom shapes pailillae and spread widely over tongue
Term
circumvallate papillae
Definition
10-12 on back 'V' of tongue.
Term
foliate papillae
Definition
on side of tongue. papillae used for taste only in childhood
Term
sulcus terminalis
Definition
line seperating posterior 1/3 of tongue from anterior 2/3.
Term
buccal glands
Definition
intrinsic salivary glands within mucosa of the oral cavity
Term
crown
Definition
part of tooth we can see
Term
enamel
Definition
hardest substance in the body. on the surface of teeth; brittle
Term
gingiva
Definition
term for gums
Term
cementum
Definition
calcified connective tissue connecting teeth to periodontal ligament
Term
neck
Definition
narrowed area between crown and root of teeth
Term
dentin
Definition
material composing most of the tooth
Term
odentoblast
Definition
dentin-forming cell that maintains dentin throughout life
Term
deglutition
Definition
term for swallowing
Term
gastric pits
Definition
holes in stomach leading to gastric glands, which create gastric juice
Term
mucous neck cells
Definition
cells common to upper 'neck' of the gastric glands
Term
parietal cells
Definition
secrete HCl into lumen and intrinsic factor (required for B12 absorption)
Term
chief cells
Definition
secrete pepsinogen (found in bottom part of the gastric glands
Term
enteroendocrine cells
Definition
bottom of gastric glands. release hormones into interstitial tissue. Gastrin is one of many
Term
rennin
Definition
enzyme that acts on milk protein
Term
intrinsic factor
Definition
required for B12 absorption. B12 needed for erythrocyte formation
Term
cephalic, gastric, intestinal phases
Definition
3 phases of secretion/digestion
Term
G cells
Definition
cells htat secrete gastrin (which then signals for higher output of HCl and enzymes)
Term
Basic Electrical Rhythm
Definition
term for the 3 contractions per minute of stomach provided by pacemaker cells
Term
sphincter of Oddi
Definition
entry of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum is controlled by this...
Term
villi
Definition
folds in the intestinal wall
Term
microvilli
Definition
small hairlike projections off of the villi in intestines
Term
brush border
Definition
fuzzy appearance of villi is called this...
Term
intestinal crypts
Definition
deep inpockets within folds of villi.
Term
peyer's patches
Definition
aggregated lymphoid tissue of the submucosa in the small intestine
Term
salivary amylase
Definition
chemical of saliva that breaks down starches and carbohydrates into simple sugars
Term
lingual lipase
Definition
checmical secreted by intrinsic glands and tongue that breaks down fats and lipids into smaller pieces
Term
chyme
Definition
substances that passes ut of stomach into the duodenum
Term
plica
Definition
rings around intestines
Term
hepatocytes
Definition
liver cells
Term
portal vein
Definition
a vascular tube in between 2 different capillary beds
Term
bile
Definition
emulsifies fats in the duodenum. made in gall bladder and liver
Term
bile salts
Definition
part of bile that emulsifies fats; cholesterol derivatives
Term
bilirubin
Definition
chemical found in bile formed by decomposition of erythrocytes
Term
CCK
Definition
hormonal stimulus for bile release. from duodenum.

also causes release of pancreatic enzymes.
Term
proteases, lipases, nucleases, amylases
Definition
ecreted by pancreas and break down contents in duodenum
Term
bicarbonate ions
Definition
secreted by pancreas; buffer the acidic chyme and provide optimal pH for enzymes to break down food
Term
secretin
Definition
hormones that signal for pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions
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