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Ch. 21 Respiratory System
Study for Final Exam
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
04/27/2009

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Term
trachea
Definition
term for the windpipe
Term
mucosa
Definition
layer of trachea that has pseudostratified epithelium and goblet cells. also has cilia
Term
submucosa
Definition
layer of trachea deep to mucosa that consists of connective tissue. contains seromucous glands
Term
adventitia
Definition
layer of trachea reinforced internally by 16 to 20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Term
trachealis muscle
Definition
muscle that constricts trachea, causing air to rush outward
Term
carina
Definition
spar of cartilage that marks the end of trachea and beginning of the two main bronchi. Mucosa here is very sensitive
Term
cartiaginous rings to plates of cartilage then none.

pseudostratified columnar to columnar to cuboida. cilia becomes sparser.

amount of smooth muscle around the bronchi and bronchioles increases.
Definition
changes over time from trachea to terminal bronchioles
Term
alveoli
Definition
sacs in lungs
Term
conducting zone
Definition
area in lungs where air travels but is not taken into body
Term
respiratory zone
Definition
area in lungs where air travels into body cells
Term
respiratory bronchioles
Definition
bronchioles that occur after terminal bronchioles. contain alveoli
Term
alveolar sacs
Definition
terminal alveoli are called this
Term
type I cells
Definition
flimsy squamous cells of alveoli
Term
respiratory membrane
Definition
squamous tissue and capillary bed surrounding; fused basement membrane
Term
type II cells
Definition
secrete surfactant; reduces surface tension
Term
alveolar pores
Definition
connect adjacent alveoli and equalize lung pressure
Term
alveolar macrophages
Definition
clean up debris and bacteria in the alveoli. crawl around freely.
Term
pleaura
Definition
thin double layers serosa. parietal on thoracic wall and visceral on the lungs.
Term
pleaural fluid
Definition
fills pleural cavity
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
surface tension of pleural fluid causes this space to remain small.
Term
pleurisy
Definition
term for inflammation of the pleura
Term
intrapulmonary pressure
Definition
pressure within the lungs
Term
intrapleural pressure
Definition
pressure in pleural cavity
Term
atelectasis
Definition
collapse of a lung
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
air in the intrapleural space causing collapse of a lung.
Term
Boyle's Law
Definition
PV=nRT
Term
F = change in P / R
Definition
flow in lungs
Term
IRDS
Definition
disease in newborns when surfactant in lungs in insufficient
Term
lung compliance
Definition
measure of the change in lung volume that occurs at a given transpulmonary pressure
Term
Daltons Law of partial pressures
Definition
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the independent pressures
Term
Henry's Law
Definition
gas in contact with liquid will dissolve according to its partial pressure.
Term
bohr effect
Definition
effect of co2, h+, and heat on gas exchange (makes sense if you think about it)
Term
hypoxia
Definition
inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues
Term
anemic hypoxia
Definition
too few RBCs or deficient RBCs that results in poor oxygen transport
Term
ischemic hypoxia
Definition
blood circulation is impaired or blocked, resulting in poor oxygen transport
Term
histotoxic hypoxia
Definition
body cells unable to use O2 even when available. Usually due to metabolic poisins like cyanide
Term
hypoxemic hypoxia
Definition
reduced arterial O2 pressure leading to poor O2 transport. multiple causes
Term
carbon monoxide poisoning
Definition
the result of even miniscule amounts of CO in the area of a persons breathing. (CO has 200 times higher affinity than O2 to hemoglobin)
Term
chloride shift
Definition
rapid movement of Cl- into RBCs following bicarbonate ions exit from RBCs
Term
carbonic anhydrase
Definition
enzyme found in RBCs that reversibly catalyzes the change from CO2 to carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion/hydrogen ion
Term
haldane effect
Definition
greater ability of reduced hemoglobin to pick up CO2.
Term
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Definition
important system within the blood for resisting chane of blood pH
Term
eupnea
Definition
term for normal respiratory rhythm
Term
pontine respiratory group
Definition
area in pons that acts on ventral respiratory group (VRG), which controls rate and rhythm of breathing
Term
hypercapnia
Definition
high levels of blood CO2, and thus high levels of H+ ion
Term
apnea
Definition
breathing cessation
Term
aortic and carotid bodies
Definition
areas sensitive to arterial PO2 levels.
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