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Ch. 21 - Digestive System
Test 3
179
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/31/2013

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Term
The muscular tube that makes up the digestive system is called?
Definition
The gastrointestinal tract
Term
What is another name for the GI tract?
Definition
The alimentary canal.
Term
Where does the GI tract begin? What does it continue through?
Definition
The mouth. Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus.
Term
What do the accessory organs contain?
Definition
Water, enzymes, buffers, and other components that assist in preparing organic/inorganic nutrients for absorption.
Term
What are the primary accessory organs?
Definition
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Term
Does the digestive system work with other systems to help those tissues gain access to nutrients?
Definition
Yes.
Term
What are the 7 functions of the digestive tract?
Definition
1.)Ingestion
2.)Mechanical processing
3.)Propulsion
4.)Chemical digestion
5.)Secretion
6.)Absorption
7.)Compaction
Term
What is mechanical processing?
Definition
Chewing, mixing of food with saliva, churning of the food in the stomach and segmentation.
Term
What is another word for propulsion?
Definition
Peristalsis
Term
Elimination of feces via the anus is called?
Definition
Defecation
Term
What are the four basic layers of the GI tract?
Definition
1.)musosa
2.)submucosa
3.)muscularis externa
4.)serosa
Term
What is the mucosa?
Definition
The innermost lining containing the mucus membrane of epithelial tissue supported by a basement membrane and a thin layer of muscular tissue.
Term
Which parts of the mucosa are made of stratified squamous epithelium?
Definition
The oral cavity, pharynx, upper portion of esophagus, and rectum.
Term
Which parts of the mucosa are made of simple columnar epithelium?
Definition
The lower esophagus, stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine. HAVE GOBLET CELLS.
Term
What is the lamina propria?
Definition
Basement membrane made of areolar connective tissue. Has blood vessels, nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue, mucus glands.
Term
What is the muscularis mucosae?
Definition
Two concentric layers of smooth muscle. Inner encircles the lumen and the outer runs parallel to the axis of the GI tract. Make rugae, plicae circularis and villi,
Term
What is the submucosa? What tissue makes it?
Definition
Surrounds the mucosa. Dense irregular connective tissue. Has lg blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and exocrine glands.
Term
What is the muscularis externa? What kind of tissue makes it?
Definition
Double layered smooth muscle. Inner layer = circular. Outer layer = longitudinal. Work in mechanical processing. Move food through GI tract.
Term
Smooth muscle cells are _____ and ______.
Definition
Long/slender
Term
Are actin and myosin used in the contraction of smooth muscle? What is the difference between skeletal and smooth muscle set up?
Definition
Yes. There are no sarcomeres or myofibrils meaning there are NO strations. There are no T-tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum forms a loose network through the sarcoplasm called DENSE BODIES
Term
Do visceral smooth muscle cells have direct contact with motor neurons? How are they connected?
Definition
No. Gap junctions.
Term
_________ cells are present in areas where peristalsis is necessary.
Definition
Pacesetter
Term
What is the serosa?
Definition
In the peritoneal cavity, the muscularis externa is covered by a layer of visceral peritoneum called the serosa.
Term
Does the serosa cover organs in the oral cavity, pharynx or esophagus?
Definition
No. Adventitia.
Term
When the serosa pulls away from the surface of the organs in the abdominal cavity it creates ________.
Definition
Mesenteries, greater omentum, and lesser omentum.
Term
What do these mesenteries do?
Definition
Anchor the organs of the GI tract to adjacent organs such as the kidneys, bladder, liver and pancreas.
Term
What does the oral cavity produce?
Definition
Bolus.
Term
What forms the anterior and lateral borders of the oral cavity?
Definition
Labia, cheeks and vestibule.
Term
What is the labia?
Definition
Lips. No sweat or sebacious glands. Distinguished by the red margin and the obicularis oris muscle.
Term
What attaches the lips to the gums?
Definition
The labial fenulum.
Term
What muscle forms the cheeks?
Definition
The buccinator muscles.
Term
What is the vestibule?
Definition
Area bounded by the lips and cheeks externally and interally by the gingiva and teeth. WHERE YOU BRUSH YOUR TEETH.
Term
What forms the superior boundary of the oral cavity?
Definition
The hard and soft palate/
Term
What is the hard palate?
Definition
Composed of the palatine process of the maxilla and palatine bones. ROOF OF MOUTH
Term
What is the soft palate?
Definition
Muscular tissue rather than bone.
Term
What forms the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?
Definition
Uvula, palatine tonsils, and root of tongue.
Term
What is the uvula?
Definition
Composed of connective and reticular tissue and prevents food from entering the OROpharynx. Houses WBC
Term
What are the palatine tonsils?
Definition
Lie on either side of the oral cavity in archways called FAUCES.
Term
What is the root of the tongue?
Definition
Fixed portion of tongue that enters into the oropharynx. Different from body of tongue via v-shaped circumvallate papillae. Lingual tonsils
Term
What makes up the inferior (floor) of the oral cavity?
Definition
The body of the tongue and the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles
Term
What is the body of the tongue?
Definition
Anterior, mobile portion of the tongue.
Term
What are the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles?
Definition
Support the body of the tongue.
Term
What is the tongue composed of and what is its functions?
Definition
skeletal muscle. Manipulate food, form words, serves as sensory organ for gustation.
Term
What is the superior surface of the tongue covered in?
Definition
Epithelial projections called lingual papillae.
Term
What are the three types of lingual papillae?
Definition
1.)Circumvallate
2.)Fungiform
3.)Filiform
Term
What are the characteristics of the circumvallate papillae?
Definition
7 to 12. Relatively large, round papillae shaped like the tip of an eraser. Found on the posterior margin of the tongue in a v pattern. Has about 100 taste buds in each.
Term
What are the characteristics of fungiform papillae?
Definition
Mushroom shaped all over the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Only 5 taste buds per each.
Term
What are the characteristics of the filiform papillae?
Definition
Hair like. Scattered all over the tongue. Do not have taste buds associated with them. Create friction.
Term
What are specialized epithelial cells in sensory structures?
Definition
Taste buds.
Term
How many taste buds do you have when you are young? And when you are an adult?
Definition
10,000. 5.000 by age 50.
Term
What are salivary glands?
Definition
EXOCRINE glands that produce and secrete saliva.
Term
What is saliva?
Definition
Water, mucins, buffers, lysozymes, and enzymes.
Term
What are the 4 functions of the salivary glands?
Definition
1.)Moistens and lubricates mouth and food
2.)Cleanses food by defensins, lysozymes and IGA antibodies
3.)Dissolves food chemcials for gustation
4.)Initiates chemical digestion of complex carbohydrates by salivary amylase and fats by lingual lipase.
Term
What are the three types of salivary glands?
Definition
1.)parotid
2.)sublingual
3.)submandibular
Term
What are the characteristics of parotid salivary glands?
Definition
Contains only serous cells for production of salivary amylase and lysozymes. Secrete into the parotid duct to the oral cavity.
Term
What are the characteristics of the sublingual glands?
Definition
Contains mostly mucous cells and produces watery mucin to act as a buffer and lubricant. Secrete into sublingual ducts.
Term
What are the characteristics of the submandibular glands?
Definition
Has both serous and mucous cells and secrete mucin and salivary amylase. Secrete into submandibular ducts.
Term
What are the functions of the teeth?
Definition
Breaks food into smaller pieces thereby increasing the surface area for chemical digestion.
Term
What are the 6 types of teeth?
Definition
1.)primary dentition or deciduous teeth
2.)secondary dentition or permanent teeth
3.)incisors
4.)canines
5.)premolars
6.)molars
Term
What are the primary dentition teeth?
Definition
Called milk/baby teeth. 20 teeth during embryonic development.
Term
What are the secondary dentition teeth?
Definition
Permenant teeth that fully replace baby teeth by age 21. 32 permanent teeth.
Term
What are the incisors?
Definition
Blade shaped. Front of mouth. Cutting and nipping. Single root. have 8. central or lateral.
Term
What are the canines?
Definition
Conical-shaped with a sharp ridgeline and pointed tip. tearing and piercing. single root. called cuspids and eye teeth. have 4.
Term
What are the premolars?
Definition
Flattened crowns with prominent ridges. Grinding, mashing and crushing. 1 or 2 roots. Called bicuspids. Have 8. Described as 1st or 2nd.
Term
What are the molars?
Definition
Flattened crowns with prominent ridges. Grinding/crushing. Three or more roots. 12 total. 1st 2nd or 3rd molars. 3rd = wisdom teeth.
Term
What are the 3 structures that make up a tooth?
Definition
1.)crown
2.)neck
3.)root
Term
What is the crown?
Definition
Exposed part of tooth projects into oral cavity. Covered by enamel over highly mineralized bone-like shit called Dentin and a soft-pulp in pulp cavity.
Term
WHat is the neck?
Definition
Narrow area that serves as the boundary between the crown and the root.
Term
What is the root?
Definition
Below the gingiva and sits into the sockets of the jawbone called alveoli to form gomphosis joints. Covered by cementum and anchored by the peridonteal ligament. Holds pulp cavity filled with pulp and extends down into the root canal and apical foramen.
Term
What is the pharynx?
Definition
the throat.
Term
What are the 3 areas of the pharynx and what tissues make them up?
Definition
1.)Naso - pseudostratified columnar epithelium AIR
2.)Oro - stratified squamous epithelium
3.)Laryngo - stratified squamous epithelium

ORO/LARYNGO - air and food
Term
What is the esophagus?
Definition
Hollow muscular tube that functions to carry bolus from the pharynx to the stomach. Passes through the esophageal hiatus.
Term
What is the upper third of the esophagus made of?
Definition
Skeletal muscle for swallowing.
Term
What is the lower third of the esophagus made of?
Definition
Smooth muscle for peristalsis.
Term
What is the upper portion of the esophagus lined with?
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium
Term
What is the lower portion of the esophagus lined with?
Definition
Simple columnar epithelium
Term
What are esophogeal glands?
Definition
Produce mucus to lubricate the bolus.
Term
What does the upper esophogeal sphincter do?
Definition
Prevents backflow of food into the oral cavity.
Term
What does the cardiac sphincter do?
Definition
AKA gastroesophogeal sphincter or lower esophogeal sphincter prevents backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
Term
What is another word for swallowing?
Definition
Deglutination
Term
What are the 3 phases of swallowing and where do they occur?
Definition
1.)Buccal - mouth
2.)Pharyngeal - pharynx
3.)Esophageal - upper pharyngeal sphincter
Term
What is the stomach?
Definition
Muscular, expandable, J-shaped organ that converts bolus to chyme.
Term
What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
Definition
1.)Cardiac
2.)Fundus
3.)Body
4.)Pyloric
Term
What is the cardiac region of the stomach?
Definition
Area where esophagus empties into the stomach. Cardiac sphincter = jxn between the esophagus and stomach and prevents backflow of stomach into esophagus
Term
What is the fundus?
Definition
Dome shaped portion at the top of the stomach and lies superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus
Term
What is the body?
Definition
The largest region. Between the fundus and the curve in the J. Mixing bowl.
Term
What is the pyloric region?
Definition
Sharp curve of J. Pylorus changes shape. Terminates into pyloric sphincter. Regulates the flow of chyme out of the stomach and into the duodenum.
Term
What is the gross anatomy of the stomach? (3)
Definition
1.)Greater Curvature
2.)Lesser Curvature
3.)Rugae
Term
What is the greater curvature?
Definition
Lateral surface. Greater omentum is attached here. Forms a big pouch that drapes over the anterior surface of small intestine. Adipose tissue in greater omentum provides padding and protection.
Term
What is the lesser curvature?
Definition
Medial surface. Lesser omentum attaches here. Stabilizes the position of the stomach and provides access root for blood vessels to enter or leave liver.
Term
What is the rugae?
Definition
Longitudinal folds within the lumen of the tummy which aid in stretch. As stomach fills, they will flatten.
Term
What is the mucosa of the stomach made of?
Definition
Simple columnar epithelium.
Term
What is the muscularis externa composed of?
Definition
third inner layer of smooth muscle that runs diagonally called oblique.
Term
What are gastric pits?
Definition
Shallow depressions in inner surface of stomach. Communicates with several gastric glands that extend into the lamina propria
Term
WHat are gastric glands and their 3 major cell types?
Definition
In fundus. Secrete most of stomach juices for digestion. chief, parietal, g cells.
Term
What are chief cells?
Definition
Secrete pepsinogen that becomes activated pepsin that digests proteins. In infants, gastric lipase and renin which digests milk.
Term
What are parietal cells?
Definition
Secrete hydrochloric acid that activates pepsinogen and intrinsic factor which is important for absorption of B12.
Term
What are G cells?
Definition
Enteroendocrine cells that produce a variety of important digestive processes.
Term
What are the hormones secreted by G cells?
Definition
1.)Gastrin - stomach motility
2.)Histamine - release of HCl
3.)Endorphine - Natural opiate. Satiation.
4.)Somatostatin - inhibits motility and emptying.
Term
What is the small intestine?
Definition
Specialized by maximum absorption of nutrients. Receives chyme from stomach. Serves as site for majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Term
Does the small intestine do segmentation and peristalsis?
Definition
Yes
Term
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
Definition
1.)Duodenum
2.)Jejunum
3.)Ileum
Term
What is the duodenum?
Definition
The upper region of the small intestine. 10-12 in. Receives chyme from stomach and digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver and gallbladder via sphincter of Oddi. Lg # of duodenal glands called Brunner glands secrete mucus.
Term
What is the jejunum and ileum?
Definition
Middle portion (8 ft) lower portion (12 ft) chemical digestion is continued here and absorption occurs. Lower portion of ileum has peyer's patches drains into large intestine via ileocecal valve.
Term
What is plicae circularis?
Definition
Deep permanent folds in the mucosa and submucosa that run transverse to axis. Increase surface area of intestines. most in jujenum.
Term
What are intestinal villi?
Definition
Finger-like projections that are on top of plicae circularis and increase surface area. Each contains an artery, vein and a lacteal.
Term
What are microvilli?
Definition
Tiny projections of the plasma membrane of each simple columnar cell the creates BRUSH BORDER CELLS
Term
What are peyer's patches?
Definition
Aggregated masses of lymphoid tissue with lots of lymphocytes.
Term
What are the secretions of the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine?
Definition
1.)Secretin
2.)Cholecystokinin
3.)Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
4.)Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
5.)Brush Border Enzymes
Term
What is secretin?
Definition
Released when acidic chyme enters the small intestine. Increase in the secretion of bicarbonate-rich juices from the pancreas to buffer acidity from bile.
Term
What is CCK?
Definition
Released when fatty or protein rich chyme enters the small intestine. Causes release of enzyme-rich juices from the pancrease and bile from liver/gallbladder.
Term
What is GIP?
Definition
Released when fats and carbohydates enter small intestine. Slows gastric activity and stimulates the secretion of insulin from the islets of langerhaan.
Term
What is VIP?
Definition
Stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries to enhance absorption, inhibits acid production in stomach.
Term
What are BBE?
Definition
Complete the digestion of organic molecules.
Term
What is aminopeptidase (ETC?
Definition
BBE. process short peptides into individual amino acids.
Term
What is nucleosidases (ETC)?
Definition
BBE. Break down nucleic acids to produce a nitrogen base, phosphate group, and a five-carbon sugar.
Term
What is dextrinase (ETC)?
Definition
BBE. Break down disaccharides and oligosaccarides into monosaccarides.
Term
Is the liver the largest internal organ in the body?
Definition
Yes.
Term
What does the liver produce and what is its main function?
Definition
Bile - emulsification of fat.
Term
The liver is primarily a ______ organ.
Definition
Metabolic
Term
What are the four functions of the liver?
Definition
1.)Filters and processes nutrient-rich blood of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids of the intestines.
2.)Cholesterol metabolism and regulation of blood cholesterol levels.
3.)Removes drugs and hormones from circulation.
4.)Produces bile which emulsifies fat in the small intestine.
Term
What is the gross anatomy of the liver?
Definition
Right and Left lobe separated by the falciform ligament. The caudate lobe (Inferior vena cava) and the quadrate lobe (gallbladder) visible on the inferior surface.
Term
Bile exits the liver via...
Definition
R/L hepatic ducts.
Term
These merge to form the...
Definition
common hepatic duct
Term
The common hepatic duct merges with the _____ _____ of the gallbladder to form the _______ ______ ______.
Definition
cystic duct. common bile duct.
Term
The common bile duct drains into the duodenum via the _____ ___ _____ or the herpatopancreatic sphincter.
Definition
Sphincter of Oddi.
Term
What forms the structural and functional units of the liver?
Definition
Liver lobules.
Term
What are liver cells called?
Definition
Hepatocytes
Term
Portal triads are located on the ______ of each liver lobule are three vessels: what are they?
Definition
Corners. Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and a bile duct.
Term
What do kupffer cells do?
Definition
Remove debris.
Term
What do the hepatic vein and artery do?
Definition
bring nutrient-rich blood to the liver where it filters through the hepatocytes lining the sinusoidal capillaries that drain towards the central vein in the middle of each lobule.
Term
Filtered blood enters the _____ _____ which then drains into the _____ _____ that exits the liver and empties into the inferior vena cava.
Definition
central vein. heptaic vein.
Term
The bile produced by the hepatocytes goes into the ______ _____ towards the triad draining into the ____ ____ which merge to form the ____ or ____ ______ ____.
Definition
bile canaliculi. bile ducts. R or L hepatic ducts.
Term
What does the gallbladder do?
Definition
Store and concentrate bile until needed by the small intestine.
Term
What are the three regions of the gallbladder?
Definition
1.)Fundus
2.)body
3.)neck
Term
What causes bile to be ejected into the duodenum via the duodenal ampulla?
Definition
The release of CCK which dilates the sphincter of oddi that contracts the gallbladder.
Term
What is the pancreas?
Definition
Secretes pancreatic juice containing buffers and enzymes formed by acinar cells. Drains via the pancreatic duct towards small intestine. Empties into the duodenum through the sphincter of oddi.
Term
What makes up pancreatic juices?
Definition
1.)Sodium Bicarbonate
2.)Proteases
3.)Pancreatic Amylase
4.)Pancreatic Lipases
5.)Pancreatic Nucleases
Term
What is sodium bicarbonate?
Definition
buffer of HCL
Term
What are proteases?
Definition
Secreted as inactive enzymes but become activated in small intestine to form carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin, and trypsin. Break down large polypeptides into oligopeptides, tripeptides and dipeptides and some amino acids.
Term
What is pancreatic amylase?
Definition
Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerols.
Term
What is pancreatic nucleases? Is this the first site of nucleic acid digestion?
Definition
Break down nucleic acids like DNA or RNA. Yes.
Term
What are islets of langerhaan's?
Definition
Release insulin and glucagon that are important in carbohydrate metabolism. ENDOCRINE CELLS
Term
What is the function of the large intestine?
Definition
Stores and concentrates fecal material. Large bowel. 5 ft in length.
Term
What are the three functions of the large intestine?
Definition
1.)Reabsorption of water and compacting shit into feces
2.)Absorption of important vitamins B and K
3.)Storage of fecal material prior to defecation.
Term
What is taeniea coli?
Definition
Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that creates pocket-like sacs called haustra which allow for expansion and elongation of the colon.
Term
What are the 3 main segments of the large intestine?
Definition
1.)Cecum
2.)Colon
3.)Rectum
Term
What is the cecum?
Definition
An expanded sac-like region of the large intestine. Receives material arriving from the ileum through the ileocecal valve. Begins process of compaction
Term
What is the colon?
Definition
Posseses a thinner wall and larger diameter than the smalll intestine.
Term
What are the four regions of the colon?
Definition
Ascending - patients right
Transverse - r to l
Descending - patients left
Sigmoid - s-shaped
Term
What is the rectum?
Definition
The last 15 cm of the digestive tract that serves as an expandable organ for temporary storage of feces.
Term
What are rectal valves for?
Definition
separate feces from flatulence.
Term
The distal portion of the anus is called the _____ _____ and is composed of two muscles called?
Definition
anal canal. internal and external anal sphincter muscle.
Term
INternal is made of _____?
EXternal is made of _____?
Definition
smooth/skeletal
Term
What is the anus?
Definition
The exit of the anal canal
Term
What is the appendix?
Definition
Wormlike structure extending from the cecum that contains masses of lymphoid tissue and plays a role in immunity
Term
What kind of tissue makes up the large intestine?
Definition
Simple columnar epithelium for absorption of water and electrolytes and stratified squamous in the rectum and anal canal.
Term
Are there villi/plicae cicrularis?
Definition
NO
Term
Are there goblet cells in the large intestine?
Definition
Yes
Term
_____ _____ synthesizes vitamin b and most of the vitamin k that the liver requires to make blood clotting proteins.
Definition
Bacterial flora.
Term
What are dental caries?
Definition
Erosion in the enamel leading to cavities. Tooth decay generally results from the action of bacteria that normally inhabit the mouth.
Term
What is gingivitis?
Definition
Inflammation of the gums caused by a bacterial infection in the mouth which can cause erosion of the gums. Leads to periodontal disease which causes tooth loss.
Term
What is halitosis?
Definition
Bad breath caused by bacteria
Term
What are mumps?
Definition
Swollen parotid glands as a result of the myxovirus infection.
Term
What is a hiatal hernia?
Definition
Occurs when a portion of the stomach gets caught in the esophogeal hiatus.
Term
What is acid reflux?
Definition
Failure of cardiac sphincter to prevent backflow of stomach acids into the esophagus. Heart burn. Chronic = GERD
Term
What are peptic and duodenal ulcers?
Definition
Deterioration in the wall of the stomach or duodenum caused by helicobacter pylori infection.
Term
What is ascites?
Definition
Accumulation of peritoneal fluid causes characteristic abnormal swelling
Term
What is pancreatitis?
Definition
Inflammation of the pancrease from either drugs, toxins, bacterial or viral infections or blockages. If not treated can be fatal. 1/8 of all cases.
Term
What is hepatitis?
Definition
Inflammtion of the liver as a result of alcohol consumption, viral infection (hep A B or C) or drugs.
Term
What is cirrhosis?
Definition
Chronic inflammation of the liver leading to scarring
Term
What is gallstones?
Definition
Highly concentratted cholesterol derivatives in bile. If gall stones are so large that they block ducts and damage the wall of the gallbladder it is called cholecystisis.
Term
What is jaundice?
Definition
Accumulation of bilirubin in the skin as a result of blockage or liver disease
Term
What is enteritis?
Definition
Inflammation of the small intestine
Term
What is colitis?
Definition
Inflammation of the colon, involing diarrhea or constipation.
Term
What is diarrhea?
Definition
Watery stool caused by rapid movemnt of food through the digestive tract
Term
What is constipation?
Definition
Hard or difficult to pass stool. Due to slow movement through the digestive tract or not enough fiber
Term
What is diverticulitis?
Definition
Inflammed herniation in the wall of the large intestines
Term
What is appendicitis?
Definition
Inflammation of appendix as a result of a blockage trapping infectious bacteria within the lumen.
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