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| 40 year war between communist nations of Eastern Europe and the western democracies |
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| agreement that bound the communist nations of Eastern Europe, dominated by the Soviet Union |
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| NATO (North American Treaty Organization) |
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| agreement that bound the western democracies, led by the US |
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| conflicted city that was split into West and East where a wall was built |
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| structure built in 1961 that separated the two sectors of a German city; was an ugly symbol of the Cold War |
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| phrase that describes the arms race during the Cold War, with each side wanting to have power to to deter the other from launching nuclear weapons |
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| the scramble during the Cold War for each side to produce nuclear weapons |
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| President Dwight Eisenhower |
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| 1953 president who warned Americans "Every gun that is made, every warship launched...signifies... a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and not clothed" |
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| 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty |
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| treaty that banned the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere during the Cold War, but not underground testing |
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| "relaxation of tensions"; what American and Soviet leaders promoted and era of to reduce nuclear stockpiles |
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| Soviet leader who eased the Soviet grip on Eastern Europe and eventually led to the collapse of communist governments |
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| Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic |
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| Countries that entered the NATO alliance in 1999 |
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| countries where ethnic groups tried to break away from Yugoslavia in the 1990s and NATO sent military forces in to be Europe's peacekeeper |
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| system where a government keeps most features of a capitalist economy but takes greater responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people |
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| OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) |
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| organization that cut oil production and raised prices in 1973 that caused an oil shock in the West |
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| situation in which business slowed and unemployment rates rose; caused by OPEC raising prices in 1979 |
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| provides a service rather than a product |
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| European Coal and Steel Community |
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| independent agency that set prices and regulated the coal and still industries; formed in 1952 by France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg |
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| European Community (EC), or Common Market |
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| 1957 group that wanted to expand free trade by ending tariffs on goods and allowed workers and capital to move freely across nation borders |
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| multinational body elected by citizens of the Common Market countries (France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg); set up by the Common Market |
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| Britain, Denmark, and Ireland |
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| countries accepted into the Common Market in 1973 |
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| later name for the expanded Common Market that promoted regional prosperity, peace, and security |
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| a sincgle currency to be used by member nations of the EU, released in 1999 |
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| people from Turkey and the Middle East who settled in Germany and Europe who provided low-wage labor for booming economies |
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| wrote "The Second Sex" about how women are inferior to men in western society |
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| an invisible barrier that kept women from getting top jobs |
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| bicycle race through thte English countryside, started in 1994 |
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| English Channel tunnel (Chunnel) |
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| land route that linked Britain and continental Europe; reflected closer ties among Britain, France, and other European nations |
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| party that British voters put in power in 1945 so it could help the nation recover from WWII |
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| British party that denounced the welfare state as costly and inefficient |
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| Margaret Thatcher; "Iron Lady" |
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| Conservative British prime minister for 11 years who reduced social welafre programs and returned government-run industries to private control; had nick name |
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| Labour party British prime minister in 1997 who urged the government to focus on the needs of all British citizens |
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| the other way that Tony Blair wanted to follow, rather than the traditional right and left |
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| Irish Republican Army (IRA) |
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| Catholic group who attacked Protestants in northern Ireland |
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| group set up in France in 1946 after WWII that was ineffective and drew criticism from communists and conservatives |
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| where bloody colonial wars were fought with France that drained and demorilized it |
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| French general who set up the Fifth Republic and made peace with the Algerians and wanted to restore French prestige and power; opposed the Cold War |
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| Charles de Gaulle's republic set up in 1958 France that gave him great power as president |
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| French Socialist leader in the 1980s who tried to nationalize more industries and expand welfare benefits |
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| 1995 French successor to Mitterrand who cut government spending, despite protests by farmers, students, and others |
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| "Nothing is left in Berlin" |
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| what an American reporter wrote on the state of Germany after WWII |
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| chancellor of West Germany from 1949 to 1963; rebuilt cities, factories, and trade and created an "economic miracle" in Western Europe |
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| chief minister; official title in West Germany |
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| Adenauer's booming industrial economy in West Germany |
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| West German chancellor in 1969 who tried to ease tensions with East Germany by using his policy of Ostpolitik - "eastern policy" |
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| Ostpolitik, or "eastern policy" |
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| policy that Brandt used to keep close ties to the West, but signed treaties with the Soviet Union and Poland |
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| West German chancellor in 1989 who assured the Soviet Union and the West that a united Germany would pose no threat to peace; became chancellor of united Germany in 1990 |
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| right-wing extremists who revived Nazi ideology who attacked foreign workers in Germany |
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| Norway, Sweden, and Denmark |
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| Scandinavian countries who created extensive socialist welfare programs |
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| a temporary alliance of political parties; Italy experienced many of these governments |
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| a violent criminal syndicate who defied Italian government efforts to end its power |
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| two nations in the 1970s whos authoritarian governments collaped and they adopted democratic governments and joined NATO and the EU |
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| a Mediterranean island inhabited by Greeks and Turks; Greece and Turkey had a fight over it in 1974 and resulted in a division in the island |
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| president of the US in 1961 who said "Let every nation know that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty" |
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| president of the US who pressed countries ruled by anti-communist dictators to end human rights abuses |
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| war in East Asia in 1950 between the North and South; American troops made up the majority of a UN force sent to protect the South |
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| man who who had the "red scare" and charged that many Americans harbored communist sympathies |
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| where US troops fought in the 1960s to prevent communist rebels from winning power in the South |
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| presidents of the US who sent economic and military aid and American troops to Vietnam |
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| US president in 1968 who negotiated an American withdrawal in Vietnam |
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| where the US led a multinational force against Iraqi invaders in 1991 |
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| crisis that worsened with inflation and involved American banks |
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| president of the US who expanded FDR's New Deal with Social Security benefits |
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| president of the US after Truman who tried to reduce the government's role in the economy and approved government funding to build an interstate highway |
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| system that Congress, led by the Democratic party, approved that provided health care for the elderly |
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| conservative president of the US who called for some cut-backs in government spending on social programs |
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| the gap between what a government spends and what it takes in through taxes and other sources |
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| the amount of money left over after expenditures |
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| president of the US who was impeached on personal misconduct charges |
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| set out to end discrimination against African Americans and ensure equal rights for all Americans |
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| separation of minority groups |
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| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka |
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| Supreme Court case that made a landmark ruling, declaring that segregated schools were unconstitutional |
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| Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. |
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| civil rights leader who was inspired by Gandhi and organized boycotts and led peaceful marches throughoutthe 1960s to end segregation in the US; speech started "I have a dream..." |
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| passage that opened the Great Lakes to oceangoing ships and linded the interior of Canada and the US to the Atlantic Ocean |
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| what Quebic's French-speaking people saw themselves as |
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| said that Quebec should separate from Canada and become an independent nation |
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| North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) |
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| agreement that created a free trade zone between Canada, the US, and Mexico |
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| leader of Soviet Union who said "we shall bury you" to the West during the Cold War; believed that capitalism was doomed and that Soviet communism was the wave of the future |
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| Khrushchev's policy that didn't change Soviet goals, but did free many political prisoners and eased censorship |
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| Khrushchev's successor who held power from the mid-1960s until 1982;he suppressed dissidents |
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| people who spoke out against the government |
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| first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth; launched in 1957; was a propaganda victory for the Soviet Union |
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| when Khrushchev tried to build nuclear missile bases in Cuba;brought the US and the USSR to the brink of war |
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| document that said that the Soviet Union had a right to intervene militarily in any Warsaw Pact nation |
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| war that drained the Soviet economy and provoked a crisis in morale at home |
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| openness; Gorbachev called for this as he ended censorship and encouraged people to openly discuss the country's problems |
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| the restructing of the government and economy; Gorbachev called for this to boost efficiency by reducing the size of the government bureaucracy |
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| Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania |
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| Baltic republics that regained full independence in 1991 under Gorbachev |
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| president of Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union who privatized more state-run industries and collective farms |
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| failed to make payments; Russia did this in 1998 on its foreign debts |
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| a world-famous Russian novelist who said "our government has not taken a single step unmarked by ineptitude" |
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| a region in the Caucasus Mountains where Yeltsin failed to crush a revolt, which led to fighting between Russian troops and rebel forces in 1999 |
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| a veteran of the Soviet secret police who became acting president of Russia in 2000 |
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| UN, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
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| organizations that helped the new nations of Armenia and Azerbaijan to increase trade with the world |
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| Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus |
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| republics that gave up the nuclear weapons on their land in return for trading privileges or investments from the West |
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| playwright and president of the Czech Republic who saw independence as a challenge; it was not "just a state of being" but a "complex task"- it should be worth fighting for |
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| 1956 communist reformer and strong nationalist who gained power in Hungary and ended one-party rule and withdrew Hungary from the Warsaw Pact |
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| Hungarians who resisted Soviet tanks and troops and called on the West for help |
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| introduced liberal reforms in Czechoslovakia; called for "socialism with a human face" |
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| Yugoslavian general during WWII who set up a communist government but refused to join the Warsaw Pact and was neutral in the Cold War |
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| the Soviet Union's most troublesome satellite because they wanted greater freedom within the Soviet bloc |
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| Polish leader of Solidarity in 1980; was soon outlawed |
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| an independent trade union that won millions of mimbers and demanded political change; led by Walesa |
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| pope who visited Poland in 1979 and met with Solidarity leaders and criticized communist policies |
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| swept through Eastern Europe by late 1989 |
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| Romania's brutal longtime dictator who refused to step down; was overthrown and executed |
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| Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic |
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| nations that joined NATO in 1999 |
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| Czech Republic and Slovakia |
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| the two countries that Czechoslovakia split into when faced with ethnic tensions |
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| consisted of the republics of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Slovenia, and Montenegro and had religious groups including Serbs (Orthodox Christians), Croats (Roman Catholics), and Bosnians (Muslims) who all spoke Serbo-Croatian |
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| Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina |
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| formerly Yugoslavian nations that declared independence in 1991 and soon after |
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| Yogoslavian president and extreme Serb nationalist who gave money and arms to Bosnian Serbs |
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| when Serbs killed people of other ethnic groups or forcibly removed them from the areas they held |
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| a series of peace agreements between the US, Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia to keep peace in Yugoslavia |
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| small army that waged guerrilla war against the Serbs in a province of Yugoslavia |
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| crimes for violating rules of war that forbid atrocities such as the mass killings of prisoners or civilians; Milosevic was tried for them |
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