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ch2 chemistry of life
basic terms such as carbs,fats,proteins
22
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/10/2011

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Term
pH scale
Definition

 

Ranges from 0-14
Pure water: pH = 7 = neutral
Below 7 = acidic
Above 7 = basic or alkaline
Blood: 7.35 – 7.45, slightly alkaline.
Outside this range cells and cell function damaged.
Term
buffers
Definition

used to stabilize pH 

eg antacids/sodium bicarbonate

Term
nutrients
Definition
essential elements and molecules obtained from diet
Term
metabolites
Definition

 

all molecules synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions in body
Term
organic compounds
Definition

 

Contain carbon (C)
In all living life forms
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
energy source including sugar and starches
Term
monosaccharides
Definition

 

Simple sugars of 3-7 carbons (C)
Body makes from food we ingest
Term
disaccharides
Definition

combination of 2 monosaccharides

 

example:
Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose

 

Term
polysaccharides
Definition

more than 2 simple sugars combined in very long chains

eg starches and glycogen

Term
starch
Definition
long unbranched chain of glucose molecules used by plants for energy
Term
glycogen
Definition
long chain of glucose with branching used for energy by animals
Term
lipids
Definition
fats, oils, waxes
Term
triglycerides
Definition
lipid with glycerol head and 3 fatty acid tails
Term
saturated fatty acid
Definition

 

all carbons (C) joined by single bond (–);
solid at room temperature (eg butter) 
Term
unsaturated fatty acid
Definition

 

at least one pair of carbon (C) atoms joined by double bond (=); liquid at room temperature (eg vegetable oils)
Term
polyunsaturated fatty acid
Definition

 

contains two or more double bonds (=)
Term
steroids
Definition
large lipids with 4 carbon rings
Term
cholesterol
Definition
type of steroid from which hormones are made
Term
proteins
Definition
organic compound made of amino acids
Term
amino acid
Definition
organic compound consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group and a varying functional group
Term
enzyme
Definition
protein that speeds chemical reaction
Term
catalyst
Definition
enzyme used over and over in chemical reaction without being "used up"
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