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Ch. 19 The Blood
Anatomy
75
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/08/2014

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Term
What type of tissue is blood?
Definition
Connective.
Term
What are the two main divisions of components in blood and what is the percentage of each?
Definition
55% plasma, 45% formed elements.
Term
What are the functions of blood?
Definition
Transport of gases/nutrients/wastes/heat/hormones, regulates pH/temperature/water content, prevents blood loss through clotting, immunity.
Term
Is the viscosity of blood greater or lesser than water?
Definition
Greater than.
Term
What is the pH of blood?
Definition
7.35 to 7.45
Term
What is the temperature of blood?
Definition
38ÂșC
Term
What is the volume of blood in the average male and the average female?
Definition
5-6 L in average male, 4-5 L in average female.
Term
Around how many platelets are there in blood?
Definition
150,000 - 400,000.
Term
About how many white blood cells are there in blood?
Definition
5,000 - 10,000.
Term
About how many red blood cells are there in blood?
Definition
4.8 - 5.4 million.
Term
What is the function of plasma?
Definition
To link all other organ systems together.
Term
What are the components of plasma?
Definition
Water, proteins, nutrients, wastes, dissolved gases, electrolytes, and hormones/enzymes/vitamins.
Term
What is hematopoiesis?
Definition
Process by which formed elements of blood develop, blood cells formed in red bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells, mature in bone marrow or lymphoid tissue.
Term
Where is red bone marrow found and do you have more red bone marrow when you're young or old?
Definition
Red bone marrow found in spongy bone, more red bone marrow when young.
Term
Where do all blood cells develop from and what type do they come from?
Definition
All blood cells develop from stem cells, specifically myeloid stem cells.
Term
What growth factors control hematopoiesis and what do they do?
Definition

Erythropoietin: increases RBC precursors

Thrombopoietin: stimulates formation of platelets

Cytokines: stimulate WBC precursors

Term
What is a hematocrit?
Definition
Measurement of % RBC in whole blood.
Term
What is the average hematocrit of normal females and normal males?
Definition
38-46% in females, 40-54% in males.
Term
Why do males have a higher RBC %?
Definition
Higher testosterone results in higher erythropoeitin production.
Term
What is called when an individual has a low RBC % and under what % is it considered low?
Definition
Anemia, less than 37%.
Term
What is it called when an individual has a high RBC % and over what % is it considered high?
Definition
Polycythemia, higher than 65%.
Term
What is the origin of a RBC?
Definition
Pluripotent stem cell -> myeloid stem cell -> RBC
Term
What is the histology(make-up) of a RBC?
Definition
Biconcave disks, anucleate, generate ATP anaerobically, contain hemoglobin, 4 O2's can attach to 1 RBC, average diameter about 7-8 micrometers.
Term
What are the functions of hemoglobin?
Definition
Transport O2 and CO2, regulate BP by releasing nitric oxide which causes vasodilation.
Term
What is the life cycle of a RBC?
Definition
120 days, phagocytic WBCs will ingest the RBC and split the globin from the heme, amino acids from globin are recycled, iron from heme reclaimed, rest is excreted through digestive system.
Term
What is jaundice and which age does it happen most in?
Definition
Build-up of billirubin, often in babies.
Term
What are the make-up of white blood cells and the different types and how much % are they each?
Definition

No hemoglobin, have nucleus, live several hours or days, some live for years (memory cells)

Granular WBCs are: neutrophils(60-70%), eosinophils(2-4%), basophils(0.5-1%)

Agranular WBCs are: lymphocytes(20-25%), monocytes(3-8%)

Term
What is the condition of having too many WBCs? Too few?
Definition
Leukocytosis is too many WBCs which is over 5,0000, leukopenia is too few WBCs which is under 5,000.
Term
What is chemotaxis?
Definition
Attraction by chemical gradients to injury or infection.
Term
Why might the neutrophils leave the blood?
Definition
To travel to site of infection.
Term
Where do neutrophils originate and what is their histology and functions?
Definition
Originate from myeloid stem cells, small lilac colored granules, 2-5 lobed nucleus, functions include being first responders to bacterial tissue destruction/phagocytosis/release pathogen killing chemicals.
Term
What are the origins/histology/functions of eosinophils?
Definition
Originate in myeloid stem cell, large/red-orange granules/2-3 nuclear lobes, combat histamine, phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, attacks parasitic worms.
Term
What are the origins/histology/functions of basophils?
Definition
Originate in myeloid stem cells, blue-purple granules, 2 lobe nucleus, functions in release of heparin/histamine/seratonin in allergic reactions, increases inflammatory reaction, similar functions as mast cells.
Term
What are the origins/histology/functions of lymphocytes?
Definition

Originate in lymphoid stem cells, sky blue cytoplasm, round or indented nucleus.

Functions: B cells form plasma cells that produce antibodies, T cells destroy foreign cells directly, natural killer cells deal with bacteria and cancer cells.

Term
What are the origins/histology/functions of monocytes?
Definition
Originate in myeloid stem cells, blue-gray cytoplasm, kidney or horseshoe shaped nucleus, functions include later arrival at infections than neutrophils/change into macrophages at infection site/phagocytosis.
Term
What are the origins/histology/functions of platelets and how long do they live?
Definition
Live 5-9 days, originate in myeloid stem cells, irregular disc-shaped, many vesicles, no nucleus, function in blood clotting.
Term
What are the purposes and procceses of transfering stem cells from bone-marrow and cord-blood?
Definition

Bone-marrow: intravenous transfer of red bone marrow, purpose to establish normal hematopoeisis, defective red bone marrow is destroyed with radiation and/or chemotherapy, treats anemia/leukemia/cancer

Cord-blood transplant: remove stem cells from umbilical cord after birth and freeze until needed

Term
What is hemostasis?
Definition
Stoppage of hemorrhage when blood vessels are damage or ruptured.
Term
What are the 3 stages of hemostasis?
Definition

1. Vascular spasm

2. Platelet plug formation

3. Blood clotting

Term
What are the promoters and inhibitors of hemostasis?
Definition

Promoters: vitamin K, clotting factors

Inhibitors: heparin, prostacyclin

Term
Describe stage 1 of hemostasis: vascular spasm.
Definition
Smooth muscle contraction, constricts blood vessels.
Term
Describe Stage 2 of hemostasis: platelet plug formation.
Definition
Platelets change shape and release chemicals, process takes about 3-5 minutes.
Term
Describe stage 3 of hemostasis: blood clotting.
Definition
Blood clot is gel with fibrin fibers trapping formed elements, plugs hole, formation of prothrombinase which stimulates prothrombin which produces thrombin, thrombin and other factors stimulate fibrinogen to create fibrin which forms the threads of the clot.
Term
What is clot retraction?
Definition
Consolidation/tightening of fibrin clot, as clot retracts it pulls edges of damaged vessel closer together, in time fibroblasts form connective tissue and new endothelial cells repair vessel lining.
Term
What is fibrinolysis?
Definition
Activation of plasminogen to produce plasmin, plasmin can digest fibrin threads, dissolves small/innapropriate clots, dissolves clots once damage is repaired.
Term
What are the different types of intravascular clotting?
Definition

Thrombosis: clotting in unbroken blood vessel

Thrombus: blood clot attached to vessel wall

Embolus: clot that detaches from vessel wall and travels through blood

Pulmonary embolism: embolus lodges in lungs

Term
What are the phenotypes of type A/B/AB/O blood?
Definition

A: Ao or AA

B: Bo or BB

AB: AB

O: oo

Term
What is the Rh group?
Definition
Can be Rh positive or negative, normally people are lacking Rh antibodies, if Rh- person receives Rh+ transfusions they will produce anti-Rh antibodies making subsequent transfusions dangerous.
Term
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Definition
Mother makes anti-Rh antibodies if exposed to Rh+ blood, during development maternal antibodies will cross placenta and harm second Rh+ child destroying infant's RBCs.
Term
What is RhoGAM?
Definition
Injection of anti-Rh antibodies, antibodies bind with fetal blood cells in mother's blood which prevents activation of mother's immune system to produce antibodies.
Term
What is anemia?
Definition
Reduced O2 carrying capacity of blood, generally caused by reduced RBC count or low hemoglobin levels, results in fatigue/intolerance of cold/pale
Term
What is iron-deficient anemia?
Definition
Nutritional, iron-deficient.
Term
What is pernicious anemia?
Definition
Inadequate hematopoiesis.
Term
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
Definition
Excessive bleeding from large wounds/ulcers/heavy menstruation.
Term
What is hemolytic anemia?
Definition
RBCs rupture, releases hemoglobin.
Term
What is thalassemia anemia?
Definition
Inherited defective hemoglobin.
Term
What is aplastic anemia?
Definition
Destroyed red bone marrow from toxins/radiation/certain medications.
Term
What is sickle cell disease?
Definition
Autosomal recessive disorder, fault hemoglobin which leads to RBCs having rigid sickle shape, RBC life span only 10-20 days, treated by analgesics/fluids/oxygen/antibiotics/blood transfusions.
Term
What is hemophilia?
Definition
Inherited clotting deficiency, mild to severe depending on agents missing, hemophilia A most common type in males, treated with transfusions.
Term
What is acute leukemia?
Definition
Malignancy, uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes.
Term
What is chronic leukemia?
Definition
Mature leukocytes accumulate, cells do not die.
Term
What is myelogenous leukemia?
Definition
Uncontrolled production of myeloid stem cells.
Term
What is lymphoblastic leukemia?
Definition
Uncontrolled production of lymphoid stem cells.
Term
What are treatments for leukemia?
Definition
Anti-leukemia drugs, bone marrow transplants, chemotherapy, radiation, interferon.
Term
What is acute normovolemic hemodilution?
Definition
Removes blood before surgery and replaces with cell-free solution to maintain blood volume, once bleeding is controlled returns blood to body.
Term
What is autologous preoperative transfusion?
Definition
Donating own blood ahead of time to be used during elective surgery.
Term
What is a blood bank?
Definition
Facility for collection/storage of blood, research.
Term
What is cyanosis?
Definition
Affects nail beds/mucous membranes, O2 depletion leading to lower hemoglobin which leads to purple/bluish color.
Term
What is hemochromatosis?
Definition
Excess iron deposits in tissues, bronze skin discoloration, cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus.
Term
What is a phlebotomist?
Definition
Technician who draws blood.
Term
What is septicemia?
Definition
Blood poisoning from toxins or pathogenic bacteria in blood.
Term
What is thromocytopenia?
Definition
Very low platelet count, bleeding from capillaries.
Term
What is a transfusion?
Definition
Sharing of whole blood or parts from one person to another, most easily shared tissue.
Term
What is a venesection?
Definition
Opening vein to remove blood.
Term
What is whole blood?
Definition
Blood containing all formed elements and plasma in normal concentrations.
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