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Ch. 17 - Western Demo. Crisis
40 fill-in quiz 2/27/07
146
History
10th Grade
01/30/2007

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Term
All Quiet on the Western Front
Definition
1929 novel by Erich Maria Remarque about World War I
Term
Erich Maria Remarque
Definition
author of All Quiet on the Western Front, a 1929 novel about World War I
Term
Great Britain, France, the United States
Definition
three western democracies that appeared powerful and ruled at the Paris Peace Conference
Term
Locarno Treaties
Definition
1925 series of treaties signed by representatives from 7 European nations in Switzerland that settled Germany's disputed borders with France, Belgium, Czechoslovakea, and Poland; were the symbol of a new era
Term
"France and Germany Ban War Forever"
Definition
New York Times' headline on the Locarno Treaties
Term
"spirit of Locarno"
Definition
hopeful feeling from the series of treaties that lead to the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Term
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Definition
1928 agreement signed by almost every independent nation that promised to "renounce war as an instrument of national policy"
Term
disarmament
Definition
the reduction of armed forces and weapons; the great powers pursued this in their optimistic spirit after the Locarno treaties and the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Term
United States, Britain, France, Japan
Definition
nations that pursued disarmament and reduced the size of their navies, but not their armies
Term
Geneva, Swizerland
Definition
headquarters of the League of Nations
Term
Germany, Soviet Union
Definition
nations that joined the League of Nations in 1926 after the Locarno treaties
Term
United States
Definition
country that refused to join the League of Nations after the Kellogg-Briand Pact; weakened the League's power
Term
Japan's invasion of Manchuria
Definition
event that was condemned by the League of Nations in 1931; had no effect
Term
United States
Definition
country that emerged from WWI as the world's leading economic power; world's economy depended on it's economy
Term
overproduction
Definition
a condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them; happened after WWI
Term
Latin America, Africa, Asia
Definition
areas in which the demand for raw materials was increased during WWI, but caused overproduction after WWI
Term
New York Stock Exchange
Definition
stock in US in which prices soared when investores got stocks through margin buying, but then caused Depression in 1929
Term
margin buying
Definition
paying part of the cost and borrowing the rest from brokers; happened in US before 1929, but then loans fell through and caused Depression
Term
Great Depression
Definition
painful time of global economic collapse in the 1930s
Term
United States
Definition
country that imposed the highest tariffs in its history during the Great Depression; policy backfired when other countries raised their tariffs
Term
people lost faith in democracy; communists said capitalism had collapsed; fascists wanted intense nationalism
Definition
3 short-term effects of the Great Depression
Term
Britain
Definition
country that had economic problems after WWIbecause of U-boats, debt, and general strike
Term
general strike
Definition
strike by workers in many different industries at the same time; Britain had one in 1926 that lasted for 9 days and involved 3million workers
Term
Labour party
Definition
party in Britain that was stronger than the Librals in the 1920s because of worker support for a gradual move toward socialism
Term
Conservative party
Definition
party in Britain in the 1920s which held much power and was firmly backed by the middle class; gained support because of red scare; they limited power of workers to strike after the general strike
Term
"Irish question"
Definition
Britain's question about Ireland
Term
home-rule bill
Definition
1914 bill passed by British Parliament that was shelved when WWI began
Term
Easter Uprising
Definition
1916 revolt of militant Irish nationalists that was quickly suppressed with the execution of 15 rebel leaders
Term
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
Definition
Irish nationalist group that erupted into revolution with guerrilla warefare in 1919 when Parliament didn't grant home rule
Term
Irish Free State (Eire)
Definition
self-governing area of Ireland in 1922, discluding Ulster
Term
Ulster
Definition
the largely Protestant northern counties of Ireland that remained under British rule in 1922
Term
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
Definition
four former British colonies that became self-governing dominions in 1931 with the British Commonwealth of Nations
Term
British Commonwealth of Nations
Definition
British group of former colonies formed in 1931 with new dominions of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
Term
Alsace and Lorraine
Definition
2 territories regained for France from Germany after WWI
Term
coalition governments
Definition
series of governments that ruled France after WWI
Term
Leon Blum
Definition
socialist leader in France in 1936 who had a Popular Front government that tried to solve labor problems and passed some social legislation; ultimately didn't work
Term
Popular Front government
Definition
type of government that Leon Blum proposed in 1936 in France
Term
Maginot Line
Definition
defensive "wall", massive fortifications, along the border of France and Germany that offered a false sense of security
Term
United States
Definition
country that lead much international diplomacy by sponsoring the Kellogg-Briand Pact, pressing for disarmament, and working to reduce German reparations
Term
"Red Scare"
Definition
1919 and 1920 fear of the Bolshevik Revolution and bomb-throwing radicals in the US that led to explusion of foreigners, limited immigration from Europeans, and exclusion of immigration from China and Japan
Term
President Calvin Coolidge
Definition
said "the business of America is business" ; explained America's 1920s middle-class benefiting from capitalism
Term
President Herbert Hoover
Definition
believed that the government should not intervene in private business matters
Term
Franklin D. Roosevelt "FDR"
Definition
energetic and optimistic President of the US in 1932 who introduced the New Deal
Term
the New Deal
Definition
massive package of economic of social programs introduced by FDR that made government prevelent in everyday life, regulated the stock market, proteted bank depositers' savings, created jobs, introduced a new Social Security system, and gave aid to farmers; in the end, it failed to end the Great Depression, but easied the suffering
Term
Social Security system
Definition
reform introduced under the New Deal that provided old-age pensions and other benefits that major European countries had introduced years earlier
Term
William Butler Yeats
Definition
Irish poet who wrote "The Second Coming" that summed up the mood of postwar writers and artists
Term
"The Second Coming"
Definition
poem by Irish poet William Butler Yeats saying: "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosened, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned."
Term
ancient Greeks
Definition
first people to propose that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible atoms
Term
Marie Curie
Definition
Polish-born French scientist who experimented with radioactivity in the early 1900s and proved that atoms are not solid and indivisible
Term
Albert Einstein
Definition
German-born physicist who created, among HEAPS of other things, the theory of relativity, which challenged Newtonian science
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Austrian physician who suggested that the subconscious mind drives much human behavior and pioneered psychoanalysis
Term
psychoanalysis
Definition
a method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders; pioneered by Sigmund Freud
Term
Henri Matisse
Definition
painter who boldly used color and odd distortions; dubbed a fauve ("Wild Beast")
Term
fauves (Wild Beasts)
Definition
artists that outraged the public with their bold use of color and odd distortions
Term
Pablo Picasso
Definition
Spanish artist who used cubism
Term
Georges Braque
Definition
Picasso's friend who helped creat cubism
Term
cubism
Definition
revolutionary new style of art that broke 3-D objects into fragments and composed them into complex patterns of angles and planes; offered a new view of reality
Term
Vasily Kandinsky
Definition
Russian artist who used abstract art
Term
Paul Klee
Definition
German artist who used abstract art
Term
abstract
Definition
art form composed of lines, colors, and shapes with no recognizable subject matter; used by Kandinsky and Klee
Term
dada
Definition
a revolt against civilization that burt onto the Paris art world with paintings by Hans Arp and Max Ernst were intended to shock and disturb middle-class viewers; "_____ is life without discipline or morality and we spit on humanity"
Term
surrealism
Definition
a movement that attempted to portray the workings of the unconscious mind; was inspired by cubism and dada
Term
Salvador Dali
Definition
Spanish surrealist who used images of melting clocks or burning giraffes to suggest the chaotic dream state by Freud; painted The Persistence of Memory in 1931
Term
Bauhaus school
Definition
Germany school that influenced architecure by blending science and technology with design; used glass, steel, and concrete but little ornamentation
Term
Frank Lloyd Wright
Definition
American architect who reflected the Bauhaus belief that the function of a building should determine its own form
Term
T.S. Eliot
Definition
American-born English poet who published "The Waste Land" in 1922; portrays the modern world as spiritually empty and barren
Term
"The Waste Land"
Definition
T.S. Eliot's 1922 long poem that portrays the modern world as spiritually empty and barren
Term
The Sun Also Rises
Definition
novel by Ernest Hemingway that shows the rootless wanderings of young people who lack deep convictions; says "I did not care what it was all about, All I wanted to know was how to live in it"
Term
Ernest Hemingway
Definition
American novelist who wrote The Sun Also Rises that shows the rootless wanderings of young people who lack deep convictions
Term
stream of consciousness
Definition
writing technique in which a writer appears to probe a character's random thoughts and feelings without imposing any logic or order; used by Virginia Woolf in Mrs. Dalloway
Term
Mrs. Dalloway
Definition
novel by Virginia Woolf that used stream of consciousness to explore the hidden thoughts of people as they go through ordinary actions of their everyday lives
Term
Virginia Woolf
Definition
British novelist who wrote Mrs. Dalloway, which used stream of consciousness techniques
Term
James Joyce
Definition
Irish novelist who wrote Finnegans Wake and made up many rediculously long words
Term
Finnegans Wake
Definition
novel by James Joyce that explores the inner mind of a hero who remains sound asleep throughout the novel ; uses many invented words- some rediculously long
Term
bababadalgharagtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk
Definition
rediculous 100 letter word invented by James Joyce in Finnegan's Wake to convey the freedom and playfullness of the unconscious mind
Term
"normalcy"
Definition
what people wanted to return to after WWI; life as it had been before 1914
Term
Charlie Chaplin
Definition
silent movie star who had fans all over the world
Term
jazz
Definition
new type of music peoneered by African American musicians who combined western harmonies with African rhythms
Term
Louis Armstrong
Definition
jazz trumpeter who took simple melodies and improvised endless subtle variations in rhythm and beat
Term
the Jazz Age
Definition
nickname for the 1920s because of the nightclubs and jazz as symbols of the freedom to experiment with culture
Term
Gertrude Stein
Definition
American writer living in Paris who called the rebellious young people who rejected the moral values of and rules of the Victorian Age the "lost generation"
Term
flapper
Definition
liberated young women; symbol of the rebellious Jazz Age youth; rejected old ways and bobbed their hair and wore shorter skirts and went on unchaperoned dates to wild new dance clubs and smoked and drank
Term
the Charleston
Definition
wild new dance fad in the Jazz Age that flappers enjoyed
Term
Miriam Ferguson
Definition
governor of Texas - was elected to public office
Term
Lady Nancy Astor
Definition
the first woman to serve in the British Parliament
Term
Italo Balbo
Definition
Italian veteran of WWI who went home to Italy being in economic chaos and polital corruption; said "I hated politics and politicians" and the constitutional government "had betrayed the hopes of soldiers, reducing Italy to a shameful peace."; then supported Mussolini
Term
on the Adriatic Sea
Definition
where Italy expected to gain territory with the Paris peace treaties, but it was instead part of Yugoslavia
Term
Benito Mussolini
Definition
son of a socialist blacksmith and a teacher who was a socialist youth, but rejected it during WWI; created the Fascist part in 1919
Term
fasces
Definition
Latin name for a bundle of sticks wrapped around an ax which was a symbol of authority of ancient Rome
Term
Fascist party
Definition
party in Italy organized by Benito Mussolini in 1919; composed of veterans and discontented Italians
Term
"Roman lake"
Definition
what Mussolini pledged to turn the Mediterranean into again when he spoke of reviving Roman greatness
Term
"Black Shirts"
Definition
"combat squads" of Mussolini's who rejected the democratic process in favor of violent action and broke up socialist rallies, smashed leftist presses, and attacked farmers' cooperatives
Term
"march on Rome"
Definition
Fascist bed for power at a rally in Naples in 1922 to demand that the government make changes; lots of Fascists came
Term
King Victor Emmanuel III
Definition
leader in Italy who asked Mussolini to form a government as prime minister because of fear of civil war; Mussolini accepted
Term
Il Duce
Definition
title taken by Mussolini in 1925 meaning "the leader" when he assumed more power as he suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, rigged elections, and replaced elected officials with Fascist supporters
Term
parliamentary monarchy
Definition
theoretical government of Italy ; was actually a dictatorship with Mussolini ruling with Secret police and propaganda
Term
"corporate state"
Definition
Mussolini's economy in which representatives of business, labor, government, and the Fascist party controlled industry, agriculture, and trade; production increased, but the workers were forbidden to strike and had low wages
Term
"Believe! Obey! Fight!"
Definition
slogan that glorified the Fascist state and Mussolini
Term
"win the battle of motherhood"
Definition
what Mussolini told women to do when they were pushed out of paying jobs; women with more than 14 children got a medal from Il Duce
Term
Fascist youth groups
Definition
groups that toughened children and taught them to obey strict military discipline and they learned about the glories of ancient Rome
Term
"Mussolini is always right"
Definition
what young Fascists chanted in parades and hymns
Term
fascism
Definition
any authoritarian government that is not communist; meant different things in different countries in the 1920-30s
Term
Mussolini
Definition
said "Fascism conceives of the State as an absolute, in comparison with which all individuals or groups are relative, only to be conceived of their relation to the State"
Term
things that Fascists rejected
Definition
democracy; the Enlightenment faith in reason; the concepts of equality and liberty spread by the French Revolution
Term
things that Fascists believed in
Definition
emotion; the need for citizen to serve the state; agressive foreign expansion; Social Darwinism - "survival of the fittest"; warefare
Term
Communist Russia and Fascist Italy
Definition
opposites, but remarkably similar
Term
things that Stalin in the Soviet Union, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Mussolini in Italy all have in common
Definition
(1)a single party dictatorship (2) state control of the economy (3) use of police spies and terror to enforce the will of the state (4) strict censorship and government monopoly of the media (5) use of schools and the media to indoctrinate and mobilize citizens (6) unquestioning obedience to a single leader
Term
Britain, France, and North America
Definition
areas where Newspapers applauded the discipline and order of Mussolini's government at first; said "he got the trains running on time"
Term
Democracy, Communism, and Fascism
Definition
three systems of government that competed for influence in postwar Europe
Term
Adolf Hitler
Definition
said "The National Socialist revolution has begun!" when he burst into a beer hall in Munich with his brown-shirted thugs
Term
Weimar
Definition
city where German leaders drafted a constitution in 1919 that created a Republic
Term
Weimar Republic
Definition
democratic government set up by the constitution that German leaders drafted in 1919; set up a parlimentary system led by a chancellor and gave women the vote and included a bill of rights
Term
chancellor
Definition
prime minister; was used by Germany under the Weimar Republic
Term
Communists
Definition
Germans who demanded radical changes in the Weimar Republic
Term
Conservatives
Definition
group including old Junder nobility, military officers, and wealthy bourgeoise who attacked the Weimar Republic as too liberal and weak; wanted another strong leader like Bismarck or the kaiser
Term
the Weimar Republic
Definition
what Germans of all classes blamed for the Versailles treaty; then they made the German Jews scapegoats
Term
Ruhr Valley
Definition
coal-rich place where France occuied when Gemany fell behind in its reparatios payments in 1923
Term
mark
Definition
German money hat became alomst worthless when Ruhr Germans refused to work and the government printed a lot of money; many families couldn't pay for anything
Term
Dawes Plan
Definition
1924 plan when France withdrew its forces from the Ruhr and American loans helped the German economy recover
Term
Vienna
Definition
where Hitler hoped to go to art school when he was 18 and was turned down, but then developed his fanatical antisemtim
Term
National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) party
Definition
extreme right-wing political party that Hitler was the leader of by 1920
Term
"Storm Troopers"
Definition
Nazi supporters fighting squads who battled in the streets against their political enemies
Term
Mein Kampf ("My Struggle")
Definition
Hitler's book that he wrote while in prison; outlined Nazi goals and ideology with extreme nationalism, racism, and antisemitism
Term
Aryans
Definition
light-skinned Europeans that Hitler wrote belonged to a superior "master race" whos greatest enemies were the Jews
Term
Jews
Definition
Hitler's greatest enemies
Term
Lebensraum
Definition
living space; Hitler said that Germans everywhere should unite in one great natio so that Germany could expand and give this for its people
Term
Fuhrer
Definition
strong leader; Hitler believed Germany needed it to achieve greatness, and he wanted to be it
Term
the Great Depression
Definition
helped Hitler because as unemployment rose, Nazi membership grew and Hitler's program appealed to workers , the lower middle classes, small-town Germans, and business people alike
Term
Reichstag
Definition
lower house of the German legislature that Nazi and Communists won seats in
Term
1933
Definition
year that Hitler was elected chancellor of Germany; he suspended civil rights, destroyed the socialists and Communists, and disbanded other political parties
Term
black swastikas
Definition
symbol of the Nazi party; on their flag
Term
medieval Holy Roman Empire
Definition
Germany's First Reich
Term
empred forged by Bismarck in 1871
Definition
Germany's Second Reich
Term
Third Reich
Definition
Hitler's new great power tha he boastd the German master race would dominate Europe for 1000 years
Term
repuiated
Definition
rejected; Hitler rejected the Treaty of Versailles andbegan schemin to unitGermany and Austria; young Nazis sang, "Today Germany belongs to us, Tomorrow, the world."
Term
SS troops
Definition
elite, black-uniformed troops that enforced Hitler's will
Term
Gestapo
Definition
Hitler's secret police who rooted out opposition
Term
"Strength Through Joy" programs
Definition
programs that offered German workers vigorous outdoor vacations that also made them physically fit for military service
Term
"Hitler Youth"
Definition
young people who pledged absolute loyalty to Germany and undertood physical fitness programs to prepare for war
Term
Richard Wagner
Definition
opera writer who re-created old German myths that the Nazis glorified
Term
Christianity
Definition
Hitler despised it and called it "weak" and "flabby"
Term
Martin Niemoller
Definition
Lutheran minister who preached against Nazi policies and was later jailed
Term
Nuremberg Laws
Definition
1935 laws that placed severe restrictions on Jews; prohibited from marrying non-Jews, attending or teaching at German schols or uiversities holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine, or publishing books.
Term
Kristallnacht "Night of Broken Glass"
Definition
night of November 7, 1938 when Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities all over Germany shouting "Revenge for Paris! Down with the Jews!"
Term
conentration camps
Definition
detention centers for civilans considered enemies of the sate
Term
the "final solution"
Definition
what Hitler called the extermination of all Jews
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