Growth Hormone

Targets- skeletal muscles and bones

TSH

(Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Targets- thyroid gland

T4

(Thyroxine)

Targets- liver, most cells

T3

(Triiodothyronine)

Targets- liver, most cells

FSH

(Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

Targets- Testes or Ovaries

LH

(Lutinizing Hormone)

Targets- Testes or Ovaries

ADH

(Antidiuretic Hormone)

Targets- Kidneys

OT

(Oxytocin)

Targets- Uterus and mammary glands

PRL

(Prolactin)

Targets- Mammary glands

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Targets- Adrenal Cortex

Calcitonin

Targets- Bone and Kidneys

(PTH)

Parathyroid Hormone

Targets- Bone and Kidneys

Mineralocortcoids

Type of Steroid

Targets- Kidneys

Glococorticoids

Type of steroids

Targets- Most cells in the body, releases amino acids

Aldosterone

Targets- Testes and Ovaries

Cortisol

Targets- liver 

Stimulates neurosecretory cells to release CRH

Testosterone

Targets- Testes

Estrogen

Targets- Ovaries

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Targets- Most major cells

Secreted by te Adrenal Medulla

Insulin

Targets- Liver

Helps with blood glucose levels

Second Messenger Systems

-Water soluble

-Require indirect gene action

-Hormones trigger something to happen inside the cell

Permissive Effects

First hormone has to give permission to the second hormone

Synergistic Effects

They increase each other, together they work really good

Antagonistic Effects

One increases the level, the other decreases the level.

Hormone secretion is regulated by

neural signals, chemical changes in the blood, and other hormones

Negative Feedback

hormone is turned off when you don't need it anymore

Positive Feedback

Keeps making and secreting hormone until the needed level is achieved.

Hypothalamus

-controls the activity of the pituitary gland

-all hormones are releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones

Pituitary Gland

-Anterior lobe is 75%, Posterior is 25%

-Tropic hormones from hypothalamus

-Posterior: neurosecretory cells

Adenohypophyseal hormones

-Anterior lobe of pituitary gland

-all exert actions on target cells via a second messenger

-hormones are water soluble

Adenohypophyseal hormones include:

4 tropic hormones:

TSH, FSH, ACTH, LH

2 that affect non-endocrine organs:

GH, PRL (Prolactin)

Growth hormone

-Produced by somatotropic cells of anterior pituitary

-Targets bones and skeletal muscles

Function of Growth Hormone

-stimulates uptake of amino acids for protein synthesis

-stimulates fat usage

-promotes glycogen breakdown

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

-Secreted by the anterior pituitary

-promotes normal development of the Thyroid gland

-Release of TSH is triggered by TRH

Gonadotropins

(FSH and LH)

-Released by gonadotropes of anterior pituitary

-regulate gonads

-FSH: sperm and egg production

-LH: E2, Progesterone, Testosterone

Prolactin

(PRL)

-Released by anterior pituitary

-Stimulates milk production

-Targets: mammary glands

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH)

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid (stress) hormones

-Release is regulated by CRH

Posterior Pituitary

-Secretes ADH and OT

Oxytocin

(OT)

-Targets the uterus and mammary glands during and after delivery

Antidiuretic Hormone

(ADH)

-Decreases urine production

-kidneys return water to blood

-increase blood pressure

Thyroid Hormones

-T3, T4, Calcitonin

Functions of T3 and T4

-Direct gene action

-increase cells basal metabolic rates

-increase body heat production

-Maintaining BP

-regulator of tissue growth

-Lipid soluble

Hyperthyroidism

-Increase TH release

-increased metabolism, sweating, and weight loss

-stimulates the thyroid gland too much

Hypothyroidism

-low metabolism, lethargy, mental sluggishness, dry skin

-may have an enlarged thyroid

-not making T3 and T4 correctly

Calcitonin

-produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

-lowers blood calcium

-direct ANTAGONIST of parathyroid hormone

-Inhibits osteoclasts in bone

Parathyroid Gland

-INCREASES blood calcium levels

-stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone

-enhances reabsorption of calcium by kidneys

-increases absorption of calcium by intestines

-GIVES PERMISSION FOR CALCITROL TO BE RELEASED

Adrenal Gland

Cortex-outside

Medulla-inside

Adrenal Cortex

3 zones: mineralcorticoids, glcocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

-made of connective tissue

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

-synthesized from cholesterol

Glucocorticoids Functions

-produced by zona fasciculata

-protein breakdown

-glucose formation

-triglyceride breakdown

-resistance to stress

-anti-inflammatory effects

-depression of immune responses

Mineralocorticoids

-produced by zona glomerulosa

-regulation of electrolyte concentrations

-aldosterone

Aldosterone

-functions in maintaining sodium ion balance

-reduces excretion of sodium

-targets kidneys

Gonadocorticoids

-produced by zona reticularis

-androgens-testosterone and estrogen

-regulated by ACTH

Adrenal Medulla

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

-activated during 'fight or flight'

Pancreas

-Blood glucose level regulation

-sits posterior to the stomach

-(mono)glucose-->(poly)glycogen

Glucagon

Targets-liver

-causes release of glucose into blood

-breakdown of glycogen to glucose

too much glucose-create glycogen

too little glucose-take from glycogen storage

Insulin

Targets- liver

-join glucose together to form glycogen

-convert glucose to fat

-blood sugar is too high

Gonads

-Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

-Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

(ovaries or testes)

-secreted by anterior pituitary

(estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, androgens)

Testes

-Produce testosterone

Ovaries

-produce eggs, estrogen, and progesterone

Estrogen

-responsible for maturation of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

Estrogen and Progesterone

-responsible for breast development and cyclic changes in uterine lining

Pineal Gland

-secretes melatonin

-sets the body's biological clock

-promotes sleepiness