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Ch. 16 Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems
Anatomy
77
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
01/27/2014

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Term
What is a conscious or unconscious awareness of internal or external stimuli?
Definition
A sensation.
Term
What is the path of sensation in the CNS, and does the level of awareness decrease or increase as you get closer to the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Spinal corde to lower brain stem to thalamus to cerebral cortex, increases.
Term
What are the two modalities of sensation?
Definition
Special senses and general senses.
Term
What are some special senses?
Definition
Smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium.
Term
What are the two general senses?
Definition
Somatic(body) and visceral(internal organs).
Term
Describe the process of sensation in regard to the 4 steps and what is involved.
Definition

1.) Stimulation: within receptor's sensory field

2.) Transduction: stimulus converted into graded potential

3.) Conduction: threshold stimulus triggers nerve impulse in 1st order neuron

4.) Integration: conscious sensations processed in cerebral cortex

Term
Where are exteroceptors located and what are they more sensitive to?
Definition
Near the body's surface, sensitive to external stimuli, deal with hearing/vision/smell/taste/touch/pressure/vibration/temp./pain.
Term
Where are interoceptors located and what are their functions and are they subconscious or conscious?
Definition
Located in blood vessels/internal organs/muscles/nervous system, monitor internal environment, subconscious.
Term
Where are proprioceptors located and what is their function?
Definition
Located in muscles/tendons/joints/inner ear, function in body position/muscle tension/joint position.
Term
What stimuli do mechanoreceptors deal with?
Definition
Pressure or stretching, also touch/vibration/proprioception/hearing/equilibrium.
Term
What stimuli do thermoreceptors deal with?
Definition
Temperature changes.
Term
What stimuli do nociceptors deal with?
Definition
Physical/chemical damage to tissue.
Term
What stimuli do chemoreceptors deal with?
Definition
Chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (smell), body fluids (O2, glucose)
Term
What is the definition of adaptation in sensory receptors?
Definition
Generator potential or receptor potential decreases in magnitude during continuous stimulation.
Term
What is the purpose of slow adaptation?
Definition
Monitors pain, blood chemistry, body position.
Term
What is the purpose of rapid adaptation?
Definition
To signal changes in stiumulus such as pressure, touch, smell.
Term
What are cutaneous receptors?
Definition
Sensory receptors associated with skin.
Term
What are some tactile sensations?
Definition
Touch, pressure, vibration, itching, tickling.
Term
What are 4 somatic sensations?
Definition
Tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioception.
Term
What are two rapidly adapting touch receptors and what are they associated with?
Definition
Meissner corpuscles which deal with discriminative touch, and hair root plexuses which detect hair shaft movement.
Term
What are two slowly adapting touch receptors and what are they associated with?
Definition
Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors which deal with the fingertips/lips/external genitals/hands, and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors which deal with the deep dermis/ligaments/tendons/soles of feet.
Term
What is the definition of pressure in regards to anatomy?
Definition
Sustained sensation felt over larger area than touch.
Term
What are examples of pressure receptors?
Definition
Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors, Meissner corpuscles, and pacinian corpuscles which are found in the subcutaneous/dermis/submucosa/joints/tendons/muscles/periosteum/mammary glands/external genitals.
Term
What is vibration in regards to anatomy and what are examples of vibration receptors?
Definition
Detection of rapidly reptitive tactiles sensations, corpuscles of touch and lamellated corpuscles.
Term
What does an itch deal with and what is it stimulated by?
Definition
Free nerve endings, stimulated by chemicals like bradykinin.
Term
What does tickling deal with and what is a receptor associated with it?
Definition
Free nerve endings, lamellated corpuscles.
Term
What are the two thermal sensations and what areas of the skin are they associated with?
Definition
Cold which is associated with stratum basale of epidermis and has a range of 50-105°F, and warm which is associated with the dermis and has a range of 90-118°F.
Term
At what temperatures are the nociceptors stimulated?
Definition
Below 50°F and above 118°F.
Term
What are the receptor type, distribution, and stimuli associated with pain sensations?
Definition
Free nerve endings (specifically nociceptors), found throughout body except brain, stimulate intense thermal/intense mechanical/intense chemical.
Term
What are examples of organ level stimuli in regards to pain sensations?
Definition
Excessive distension or stretching, prolonged muscular contractions, muscle spasms, ischemia.
Term
Does the body adapt well to pain and is it very selective to pain?
Definition
No it does not, and no not very.
Term
Explain acute pain.
Definition
Rapid perception, shar or pricking pain, localized, not felt in deeper tissues of body, e.g. knife cut/needle puncture.
Term
Explain chronic pain.
Definition
Perceived 1-2 seconds after stimulus, gradually increases in intensity, can occur in skin or in deeper tissues/internal organs, e.g. burning/aching/throbbing.
Term
What are 3 more types of pain? Explain.
Definition
Superficial somatic pain deals with skin receptors, deep somatic pain deals with skeletal muscles/joints/tendons/fascia, visceral pain deals with nociceptors in visceral organs.
Term
What is referred pain?
Definition
Pain is felt in superficial region but correlates to visceral trauma of organ, organ involved and area of pain usually served by same nerve of spinal chord.
Term
What is phantom pain?
Definition
Itching/pressure/tingling/pain in area where limb was amputated, brain interprets messages from sensory neurons as belonging to missing limb.
Term
What are the 4 levels of anesthesia?
Definition

1. Sensory block of afferent impulses

2. Motor block of efferent impulses

3. Reflex block (respiratory, cardiovascular, GI)

4. Mental block (sleep, unconsciousness)

Term
What are examples of analgesic drugs and what do they do?
Definition
Aspirin/ibuprofen/NSAIDs, block prostaglandin formation which blocks nociceptor stimulation.
Term
What are examples of local anesthetics and what do they do?
Definition
Novocaine, block nerve impulses by first-order pain fibers.
Term
What are examples of opiate drugs and what do they do?
Definition
Morphine/codeine/heroin, alter quality of pain perception in brain, pain still senses but not as noxious.
Term
What are the general functions of proprioceptive sensations? Are they slow or fast adapting? What are the different types?
Definition
Perceptions of body movements and orientation, slow, muscle spindles/tendon organs/joint kinesthetic receptors/hair cells.
Term
Describe muscle spindles.
Definition
In all skeletal muscles except middle ear, monitor changes in length of skeletal muscles, play role in stretch reflex preventing over-stretching of muscles, slow adaptation.
Term
Describe tendon organs.
Definition
Found at junctions of tendons and muscles, respond to increased tension in tendon, tendon reflex prevents excessive tension on tendons and muscles, slow adaptation.
Term
Describe join kinesthetic receptors.
Definition
In and around synovial join capsules, free nerve endings, rapid adaptation.
Term
What is the progression of the somatic sensory pathways?
Definition

First-order neurons: from somatic sensors to brain stem or spinal cord

Second-order neurons: from spinal cord or brainstem to thalamus (decussates)

Third-order neurons: from thalamus to primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex

Term
What is the progression of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway?
Definition

First-order neuron: to medulla oblongata

Second-order neuron: to thalamus (dessucates)

Third-order neuron: from thalamus to primary somatosensory area (cerbral cortex)

Term
What sensations does the medial lemniscus pathway deal with?
Definition
Refined sensations such as: discriminative touch (which part of body is touched/shape/size/texture), sterognosis (shape/size/texture, e.g. braille), proprioception (awareness of precise location of body parts), kinesthesia (awareness of diretions of movement), weight discrimination (assess weight of object), vibratory sensations (vibrations due to rapidly fluctuating touch stimuli)
Term
What are the neurons associated with the anterolateral pathway (spinothalamic)?
Definition

First-order neuron: receptor to gray matter in spinal cord

Second-order neuron: gray matter spinal cord (decussates) to thalamus

Third-order neuron: thalamus to primary somatosensory area

Term
What are some anterior tract sensations of the anterolateral pathway?
Definition
Tickling, itching, crude touch, pressure, vibrations.
Term
What are some lateral tract sensations of the anterolateral pathway?
Definition
Pain and temperature.
Term
What information do the spinocerebllar tracts send to the cerebellum?
Definition
Proprioceptive information.
Term
Of the spinocerebellar tracts describe the neuron pathway and sensations of the posterior tract.
Definition

First-order neuron: receptor to second-order

Second-order neuron: body in spinal cord, terminates at cerebellum

Sensations include equilibrium, posture, and coordination.

Term
Of the spinocerebellar tracts what is the neuron pathway and sensations of the anterior tract?
Definition

First-order neuron: receptor to second-order neuron outisde spinal cord

Second-order neuron: outside spinal cord to cerebellum

Sensations include posture, balance, and skilled movements.

Term
What is another word for the neuron pathways in the direct motor pathways of the somatic motor pathways? Where do these pathways originate? What impulse is relayed by these pathways?
Definition
Pyramidal pathways. Cerebrum. Impulse from upper motor neuron to interneuron to lower motor neuron.
Term
What tracts are invovled in the direct motor pathways of the somatic motor pathways?
Definition
Lateral corticospinal tract which includes skilled movements of limbs/hands/feet. Anterior corticospinal tract which includes the neck and trunk. Corticobulbar tract which includes precise voluntary movement of eye/tongue/neck/chewing/facial expression/speech.
Term
Describe the neuron pathways of indirect motor pathways of the somatic motor pathways.
Definition
They are also called extrapyramidal pathways, include all somatic motor tracts other than corticospinal and corticobulbar, complex polysynaptic paths.
Term
What tracts are involved with the indirect motor pathways of the somatic motor pathways?
Definition
Rubrospinal tract which includes precise movement of limbs/hands/feet, tectospinal tract which includes head and eyes in response to visual stimuli, vestibulospinal tract which includes head movements/balance/posture, lateral reticulospinal tract which includes increasing flexor reflexes/decreasing extensor reflexes/decreasing muscle tone in axial and proximal parts of limbs, medial reticulospinal tract which includes the opposite of the lateral mentioned above.
Term
What is flaccid paralysis?
Definition
Damage to lower muscle neurons which leads to no muscle tone/no voluntary movement/damage on same side.
Term
What is spastic paralysis?
Definition
Damage to upper motor neurons which leads to exaggerated reflexes on opposite side/Babinski sign.
Term
What are the roles of the basal ganglia in motor responses?
Definition
Connections to many other parts of the brain, functions include sensory/motor/programming habitual or automatic movements/establishing normal muscle tone.
Term
What does the cerebellum have to do with modulation of movement?
Definition
Monitors intentions for movement and actual movements, provides correction feedback.
Term
What is the reticular activating system's roles in wakefulness and sleep?
Definition
Increasing cortical activity, is directly from thalamus, required for arousal, pain/touch/bright lights/sounds can activate RAS.
Term
Why might people wake up before alarm goes off?
Definition
Studies show adrenocorticotropin levels are increased 1.5 hours prior to when people expect to be awake, purpose is to prepare for stress of waking up.
Term
What is the purpose of sleep? What are chemicals involved in sleeping?
Definition
To replenish brain chemicals/nutrients, adenosine inhibits RAS, melatonin secreted in dark to maintain drowsiness.
Term
What is the role of caffeine?
Definition
Vasoconstrictor that can relieve vascular headache, inhibit actions of adenosine which means RAS not inhibited as much making us less drowsy.
Term
What are the two types of sleep?
Definition
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM).
Term
What are the 4 stages of NREM and how long does it take to go the full cycle?
Definition

1 hour to go from stage 1 to stage 4.

Stage 1: transitional, 1-7 mins, relaxed/eyes open/fleeting thoughts

Stage 2: first stage of true sleep, slow eye movement, dream fragments

Stage 3: temperature/BP decreases, difficult to awaken, 20 mins after falling asleep

Stage 4: deepest level of sleep, sleepwalking, decrease brain metabolism, most reflexes still intact

Term
Describe REM.
Definition
3-5 episodes of REM sleep in 7-8 hour sleep period, occur about every 90 mins, eyes move back and forth rapidly under closed eyelids, REM 1 last 10-20 mins but later REMs last longer maxing at about 50 mins, total REM = 1.5-2 hours, dreaming, skeletal muscle paralysis, infants and children have more REM than adults.
Term
What is plasticity in relation to memory?
Definition
Ability of the nervous system to change in response to learning, areas that are used a lot are enlarged, emotional control is least plastic.
Term
When do the earliest memories develop?
Definition
When the hippocampus matures.
Term
What are functions of the prefrontal cortex?
Definition
Social judgements, weighing alternatives, plan for the future, hold behavior in check.
Term
What is short-term memory?
Definition
Temporary ability to recall few bits of information, based on electrical and chemical changes, reverberating circuits, no structural changes.
Term
What is long-term memory?
Definition
Memory is consolidated when reinforcement occurs from frequent retrieval of information, 1% of all experiences stored in LTM.
Term
What is Parkinson disease?
Definition
Progressive disorder of CNS, neuron degeneration, symptoms include involuntary muscle contractions/tremors/slower movements, treatments include attempt to increase levels of dopamine and decrease levels of ACh.
Term
What is Cerebral Palsy?
Definition
Group of disorders causing loss of muscle control and coordination, motor areas of brain are damaged before/during/or shortly after birth, irreversible and not progressive.
Term
What is a coma?
Definition
Damage to parts of brain that lead to deep unconsciousness from which person cannot be aroused.
Term
What causes of a coma?
Definition
Head trauma, extreme fatigue, seizure activity, stroke, heart failure, diabetic coma, hypoglycemia, drug intoxication.
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