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Ch. 16 Senses
Ch. 16 Senses
146
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/27/2015

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Term
taste, smell, sight, hearing, and balance
Definition
Special sense
Term
actually a large group of general senses
Definition
Touch
Term
Special sensory receptors are localized and confined to the ...
Definition
head region
Term
Receptors for special senses are not free endings of
sensory neurons, they are __?__ and __?__ receptor cells
Definition
distinct and special
Term
what is another word for gustation ?
Definition
Taste
Term
what is another word for olfaction?
Definition
Smell
Term
Receptors for taste and smell are classified as __?____ because they respond to chemicals
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
Taste receptors Occur in taste buds located within epithelium that covers ___?___
Definition
papillae
Term
___?___ are peg-like projections of tongue
Definition
papillae
Term
most ____?_____ are found on the surface of the tongue; located within
tongue papillae
Definition
Taste receptors
Term
papillae scattered over entire surface of tongue
Definition
Fungiform papillae
Term
papillae arranged in an inverted V-shape near back of tongue
Definition
Circumvallate papillae
Term
Taste Buds are a Collection of ___?____ epithelial cells that contain three major cell types
Definition
50-100
Term
insulate receptor cells in Taste Buds from each other;
Definition
Supporting cells
Term
receptor cells in Taste Buds
Definition
Gustatory cells
Term
immature and regularly replace Supporting and Gustatory cells
Definition
Basal cells
Term
what are the 5 Qualities of taste
Definition
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
Term
umami means ...
Definition
“deliciousness”
Term
Smell receptors are part of the olfactory epithelium on the ____ of nasal cavity
Definition
roof
Term
Smell receptors are composed of what 3 types of cells ...
Definition
olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells
Term
olfactory receptor cells and their supporting cells are what type of cells because of their shape?
Definition
columnar cells
Term
basal cells in the roof of nasal cavity are undifferentiated cells that form __________?_________
Definition
new olfactory receptor cells
Term
Axons of olfactory epithelium do what?
Definition
gather into bundles
Term
filaments of the olfactory nerve, pass through the cribriform
plate of the ethmoid bone, and attach to the _____?____
Definition
olfactory bulbs
Term
the eye is our ___?___ organ
Definition
Visual
Term
how much of the anterior surface of the eye is visible?
Definition
one-sixth
Term
__?____% of all sensory receptors are in the eyes
Definition
70
Term
___?___ % of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing visual information
Definition
40
Term
coarse hairs on the superciliary arches; shade eyes and protect from perspiration
Definition
Eyebrows
Term
these structures are :
separated by the palpebral fissure (eye slit) &

meet at the medial and lateral angles
Definition
Eyelids (palpebrae)
Term
the palpebral fissure is the ___?___
Definition
eye slit
Term
corners of the eye are also known as ....
Definition
canthi (plural) or canthus (singular)
Term
reddish elevation at the medial canthus
Definition
lacrimal caruncle
Term
connective tissue within the eyelids that serve as attachment sites for obicularis oculi
Definition
Tarsal plates
Term
Tarsal glands are modified ___?__ glands
Definition
sebaceous
Term
transparent mucous membrane
Definition
Conjunctiva
Term
covers inner surface of eyelids
Definition
Palpebral conjunctiva
Term
folds back into anterior surface of eye = contains blood vessels that cause blood shot eyes
Definition
Bulbar conjunctiva
Term
slit-like space between the eye and the eyelid that forms when the eye is closed
Definition
Conjunctival sac
Term
keeps the surface of the eye moist
Definition
Lacrimal apparatus
Term
produces lacrimal fluid (tears = mucus,
antibodies, lysosomes)
Definition
Lacrimal gland
Term
fluid From the Lacrimal sac empties into ___?____
Definition
nasal cavity
Term
how many muscles control movement of the eye?
Definition
Six
Term
Extrinsic Eye Muscles originate in the walls of the __?___
Definition
orbit
Term
Extrinsic Eye Muscles insert on ____?_____ of the eyeball
Definition
outer surface
Term
origin of the four rectus muscles (superior, lateral, inferior, and medial)
Definition
Annular ring
Term
muscles move eye laterally (outward)
Definition
Lateral rectus
Term
muscle moves eye medially (toward middle)
Definition
Medial rectus
Term
muscle moves eye upward
Definition
Superior rectus
Term
muscle depresses eye and moves it laterally;
Definition
Superior oblique
Term
elevates eye and moves it laterally
Definition
Inferior oblique
Term
Components of the eye function to:
• protect and support the _____?______
Definition
photoreceptors
Term
Components of the eye function to:
gather, focus, and process light into _____?______
Definition
precise images
Term
most anterior part of the eye
Definition
Anterior pole
Term
most posterior part of the eye
Definition
Posterior pole
Term
contains fluids (humors)
Definition
internal cavity
Term
Most external layer of the eyeball
Definition
The Fibrous Tunic
Term
The Fibrous Tunic is Composed of two regions of connective tissue called the ___?__ and the ___?___
Definition
Sclera ; Cornea
Term
posterior five-sixths of the tunic; white, opaque region; provides shape and an anchor for eye muscles
Definition
Sclera
Term
anterior one-sixth of the fibrous tunic; light enters
Definition
Cornea
Term
junction between sclera and cornea; contains epithelial cells that continuously replace corneal epthelium
Definition
Limbus
Term
middle coat of the eyeball
Definition
Vascular tunic
Term
the Vascular tunic is composed of _______, _______, and ______
Definition
choroid, ciliary body, and iris
Term
vascular, darkly pigmented membrane
Definition
Choroid
Term
Choroid forms ___?____ of the vascular tunic
Definition
posterior five-sixths
Term
the brown color in choroid is from ____?_____
Definition
melanocytes
Term
Choroid prevents scattering of ___?____ within the eye;
Definition
light rays
Term
Choroid is richly ____?_____
Definition
vascularized
Term
thickened ring of tissue that encircles the lens
Definition
Ciliary body
Term
the Ciliary body is composed of ____?_____ and focuses the lens
Definition
ciliary muscle
Term
Ciliary processes are located on the _____?______ of the ciliary body
Definition
posterior surface
Term
suspensory ligament (attached around entire circumference of the lens)
Definition
Ciliary zonule
Term
Visible colored part of the eye; attached to the ciliary body; composed of smooth muscle
Definition
Iris
Term
the round, central opening of iris;
Definition
Pupil
Term
___?_____ muscles act to vary the size of the pupil
Definition
dilator pupillae
Term
the ___?____ is also known as the sensory tunic
Definition
Retina
Term
the deepest tunic
Definition
sensory tunic
Term
sensory tunic – the deepest tunic; composed of two layers: ___?___ layer and ___?___ layer
Definition
Pigmented ; Neural
Term
single layer of melanocytes within choroid
Definition
Pigmented layer
Term
sheet of nervous tissue in the eye
Definition
Neural layer
Term
what are the three main types of neurons in the Neural layer ?
Definition
photoreceptor cells
bipolar cells
ganglion cells
Term
photoreceptor cells signal ____?___ cells
Definition
bipolar cells
Term
bipolar cells signal ____?___ cells
Definition
ganglion cells
Term
ganglion cells are signaled to generate or not generate ___?___ through the optic nerve to brain
Definition
action potentials
Term
what are the Two main types of Photoreceptors?
Definition
Rod cells and Cone cells
Term
more sensitive to light and more numerous; allow vision in dim light; no color vision
Definition
Rod cells
Term
operate best in bright light; enable high- acuity, color vision
Definition
Cone cells
Term
Photoreceptors are Considered to be ___?___
Definition
neurons
Term
Macula lutea – contains mostly ____?____
Definition
cones
Term
contains only cones
Definition
Fovea centralis
Term
Fovea centralis is the region of highest _____?_____
Definition
visual acuity
Term
where axons converge and exit eye = blind spot
Definition
Optic disc
Term
thick, transparent, biconvex disc
• held in place by its ciliary zonule
Definition
Lens
Term
covers anterior surface of the lens
Definition
Lens epithelium
Term
___?____ form the bulk of the lens
Definition
Lens fibers
Term
how often are new lens fibers added?
Definition
continuously
Term
lens enlarges and becomes more___?__ throughout life
Definition
dense
Term
The lens and ciliary zonules do what to the eye?
Definition
divide
Term
___?___ of the eye = filled with vitreous humor
Definition
Posterior segment
Term
clear, jelly-like substance; transmits light, supports the posterior surface of the lens; helps maintain intraocular pressure
Definition
vitreous humor
Term
Divided into anterior and posterior chambers
Definition
Anterior segment
Term
between the cornea and iris
Definition
Anterior chamber
Term
between the iris
Definition
Posterior chamber
Term
both the Anterior and Posterior chamber are filled with
__?____
Definition
aqueous humor
Term
aqueous humor is ____?___ continuously
Definition
renewed
Term
aqueous humor is formed as a ____?____
Definition
blood filtrate
Term
aqueous humor supplies nutrients to the __?__ and __?__

Definition
lens and cornea
Term
receptor organ for hearing and equilibrium
Definition
Ear
Term
Helps gathers, funnels, & direct sounds = shell- shaped projection
Definition
auricle (pinna)
Term
short tube (~ 2.5 cm) running from auricle to eardrum
Definition
external auditory canal
Term
the entrance to the external auditory canal is through the ____?___
Definition
External acoustic meatus
Term
the external auditory canal is Lined with ___?__
Definition
skin
Term
the external auditory canal contains.. which three components?
Definition
hairs, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous (wax) glands
Term
eardrum; forms the boundary between the external and middle ear; transmits vibrations to ossicles
Definition
Tympanic membrane
Term
small, air-filled space; located within the temporal bone
Definition
tympanic cavity
Term
the tympanic cavity is located in the ____?_____
Definition
Middle ear
Term
the Medial wall of the middle ear is penetrated by which two structures?
Definition
superior oval window (vestibular window) and inferior round window (cochlear window)
Term
links the middle ear and pharynx; normally flattened but can be opened to equalize pressure
Definition
Pharyngotympanic tube (auditory or eustachian tube)
Term
smallest bones in the body; transmit vibrations of eardrum to inner ear where sound receptors are located
Definition
Ear ossicles
Term
(hammer)– attaches to the eardrum
Definition
Malleus
Term
(anvil) between the malleus and stapes
Definition
Incus
Term
(stirrup) vibrates against the oval window
Definition
Stapes
Term
Lies within temporal bone; consists of bony and membranous parts
Definition
“labyrinth”
Term
the labyrinth is located in the ____?____
Definition
Temporal bone
Term
the Bony labyrinth of inner ear is a cavity consisting of which three parts?
Definition
• 1. Semicircular canals, • 2. Vestibule, • 3. Cochlea
Term
Series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts; fit within the bony labyrinth;
Definition
Membranous labyrinth of inner ear
Term
Membranous labyrinth of inner ear contains which three main parts?
Definition
• 1. Semicircular ducts,
• 2. Utricle and saccule,
• 3. Cochlear duct
Term
central part of the bony labyrinth; lies medial to the middle ear
Definition
Vestibule
Term
located inside of vestibule; suspended in perilymph; Two egg-shaped parts of the membranous labyrinth
Definition
Utricle and saccule
Term
Utricle and saccul house a sensory spot called the ___?___
Definition
Macula
Term
monitor the position of the head when the head is still and straight line changes

Definition
Macula
Term
the macula contains ___?___ cells;
Definition
receptor / hair
Term
the hair cells in the macula synapse with the ____?__ nerve
Definition
vestibular
Term
contain receptors for rotational acceleration; lie posterior and lateral to the vestibule
Definition
Semicircular Canals
Term
______ and _____ canals lie in the vertical plane at right angles in the inner ear
Definition
Anterior and posterior semicircular canals
Term
snakes through each semicircular canal
Definition
Semicircular duct
Term
canal that lies in the horizontal plane
Definition
Lateral semicircular canal
Term
the Lateral semicircular canal houses a structure called a ___?__
Definition
crista ampullaris
Term
crista ampullaris contains receptor cells of _____?_______
Definition
rotational acceleration
Term
spiraling chamber in the bony labyrinth
Definition
Cochlea
Term
The cochlear duct (scala media) – contains receptors for __?___
Definition
hearing
Term
scala media is another name for the ___?___
Definition
cochlear duct
Term
the floor of the cochlear duct
Definition
The basilar membrane
Term
the receptor epithelium for hearing that sits on basilar membrane
Definition
Organ of Corti
Term
Organ of Corti consists of: supporting cells; inner and outer ___?___
Definition
hair cells
Term
hair cells are also known as ____?___
Definition
receptor cells
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