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Ch. 15
Brain and Cranial Nerves
76
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/17/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

4 Major Regions of the Brain

Definition

 

 

- cerebrum

 

- diencephalon

 

- brainstem

 

- cerebellum

Term

 

 

Brain Development - Week 4

Definition

 

 

- neural tube forms 3 primary vesicles

 

1) prosencephalon - forebrain

2) mesencephalon - midbrain

3)  rhombencephalon - hindbrain

Term

 

 

 

Brain Development - Week 5

 

Definition

 

primary vesicles form 5 secondary vessicles

 

1) telencephalon

2) diencephalon

3) mesencephalon

4) metencephalon

5) myelencephalon

Term

 

 

Brain Development - Week 9 to 38

Definition

 

 

posterior flexion/cerebral expansion

Term

 

 

 

1) Cerebrum

Definition

 

 

the center of our sensory perception, thought, memory, judgement and voluntary motor actions

Term

 

 

External structure of cerebrum

Definition

 

 

- longitudinal fissure

 

- transverse cerebral fissue (seperates the cerebral hepisheres from cerebellum)

Term

 

 

Folds (gyrus)/ Grooves (Sulcus) of the cerebrum

 

 

 

Definition

 

 

Central and lateral sulcus

Term

 

 

 

Internal Structure of the cerebrum

Definition

 

 

-outer area is gray matter; inner is white

 

- deep to the white matter are discreet areas of gray matter called "nuclei

 

- ventricles

Term

 

 

 

5 functional areas (lobes) of cerebrum

Definition

 

-frontal

 

-parietal

 

-temporal

 

-occipital

 

-insula (layer is not visible at the hemisphere surface)

Term

 

 

 

Frontal Lobe areas

Definition

 

 

 

A) prefrontal area

 

B) Primary motor cortex/ premotor cortex

 

c) Broca's area

Term

 

 

 

 

Prefrontal area

Definition

 

 

- personality

 

- cognition ( thinking, learning and working memory)

 

- decision-making

Term

 

 

 

Primary motor cortex/ premotor cortex

Definition

 

 

- precentral gyrus & anterior

 

- skeletal muscle control/ planning movements

Term

 

 

 

Broca's area

Definition

 

 

 

motor area for verbal communication

Term

 

 

 

Parietal Lobe

Definition

 

 

A) somatosensory and assoication areas

 

b) taste

Term

 

 

 

Somatosensory and association areas

Definition

 

 

- postcentral gyrus

 

- interpreting touch, temp, pain sensations (skin)

Term

 

 

 

Taste

Definition

 

 

- inferior postcentral gyrus

 

- interpreting / remembering tastes

Term

 

 

 

Temporal Lobe

Definition

 

a) Long term memory formation

 

b) auditory and association area

 

c)  wernicke's area

 

d) olfactory and olfactory association area

 

e) emotions

Term

 

 

 

Wernicke' area

Definition

 

 

word identification, comprehension and selection

Term

 

 

 

amygdala

Definition

 

 

gray matter area inside

Term

 

 

 

 

Occipital Lobe

 

 

Definition

 

 

vision and vision assocation areas

 

- striate cortex (map of retina)

 

- seperate assocation areas for color, motion, form

Term

 

 

 

Insula Lobe

Definition

 

 

deep inside under lateral sulcus; functions such as memory, taste interpretation, language and balance

Term

 

 

 

Cerebrum's Function Areas

Definition

 

 

 

1) Motor Area

 

2) Sensory Area

Term

 

 

 

Motor Area of Cerebrum

Definition

 

 

"primary motor cortex"; control center located in frontal lobes; neurons control voluntary skeletal muscle activity w/ axons projecting contrallateraly

Term

 

 

 Which lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

Definition

 

 

 

Parietal lobes

Term

 

 

 

Primary

Definition
Term

 

 

 

Which lobe is the primary visual cortex located?

Definition

 

 

 

Occipital lobe

Term

 

 

 

Which lobe is the primary auditory cortex located?

Definition

 

 

Temportal lobe

Term

 

 

Which lobe is the gustatory (taste) cortex located?

Definition

 

 

Insula

Term

 

 

 

Which lobe is the olfactory (smell) cortex located?

Definition

 

 

temporal lobe

Term

 

 

 

White matter

Definition

 

 

lies deep to the gray matter of the cortex; occurs as tracts; contains clusters of gray matter called "cerebral nuclei"

Term

 

 

 

White Matter Tracts in Cerebrum

Definition

 

- association tracts

 

- arculae fibers

 

- longitudinal fasciculi

 

- commisural tracts

 

- projection tracts

Term

 

 

 

association tract

Definition

 

 connect seperate cortical areas of the same hemisphere

Term

 

 

 

arcuate fibers

Definition

 

 

connect neighboring gyri within a single cerebral lobe

Term

 

 

 

longitudinal fasciculi

Definition

 

 

 connect gyri between different cerebral lobes of the same hemisphere

Term

 

 

 

commissural tracts

Definition

 

 

 connect corresponding lobes of right and left hemispheres

Term

 

 

 

projection tracts

Definition

 

 

connect cerebral cortext to the diencephalon, braintem, cerebellum and spinal cord

Term

 

 

 

Gray Matter

 

Definition

 

houses the motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals and unmyelinated axons

Term

 

 

Cortex

Definition

 

 

external sheets of gray matter that cover the surface of the most of the adult brain (cerebrum and cerebellum)

Term

 

 

Areas of Gray matter

Definition

 

 

1) Basal forebrain nuclei

 

- memory, alertness

 

 

2) Basal ganglia

 

- habitual movements

- regulation of movements

Term

 

 

 

Ventricles

Definition

 

 

fluid filled areas in brain connected with one another and the central canal of the spinal cord by ducts

Term

 

 

 

Ventricles in Cerebrum?

Definition

 

 

 

2 Lateral ventricles

Term

 

 

 

Ventricles Outside of cerebrum?

Definition

 

 

third and fourth ventricle

Term

 

 

 

 

Interventricular foramen

Definition

 

 

lateral ventricle communicate with the 3rd ventricle

Term

 

 

 

mesencephalic aqueduct

Definition

 

 

the 3rd ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle

Term

 

 

 

 

2) Diencephalon

Definition

 

 

2nd major region of brain; lies under lateral ventricles and around 3rd ventricle; "two headed"

Term

 

 

 

3 components of the diencpehalon

Definition

 

 

 

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Term

 

 

 

Thalamus

Definition

 

 

two large oval masses; joined by intermediate commissure; 12 major nuclei; integrates, filters, and prioritizes all information going to cerebral cortex

Term

 

 

 

Hypothalamus

Definition

 

 

- loated at the floor of 3rd ventricles, inferior and anterior to thalami; 12 nuclei; visceral control center

Term

 

 

 

Epithalamus

Definition

 

 

 partially forms the posterior roof of the diencephalon and covers the 3rd ventricle

Term

 

 

 

The epithalamus contains..

Definition

 

 

the pineal gland, pituitary gland and habenular nuclei

Term

 

 

 

Pituitary gland

Definition

 

 

 

grape-like gland under hypothalamus; sits in sella turcica; part brain, part endocrine system; secretes many major hormones

Term

 

 

 

Pineal gland

Definition

 

 

posterior to thalami; control of daily sleep/wake cycle via melatonin

Term

 

 

 

 

Habenular nuclei

Definition

 

 

relay signals from the limbic system to the mesencephalon; involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors

Term

 

 

 

3) Brain Stem

Definition

 

 

connects prosencephalon and cerebellum to the spinal cord; runs fromt he diencephalon to foramen magnum; outer is composed of white matter and inner is gray matter

Term

 

 

 

3 parts of the Brain stem

Definition

 

 

mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata

Term

 

 

 

Mesencephalon contains..

Definition

 

 

corpora quadrigemina, cerebral penducles, substantia nigra

Term

 

 

 

Corpora Quadigremina

Definition

 

 

"body of 4 twins"; loaged poserior and supeireor; contains four heads (superior and inferior colliculi); known as auditory and visual reflexes

Term

 

 

 

Cerebral penducles

Definition

 

 

anterior and inferior to corpora quadrgemina; motor tracts

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Substantia nigra

Definition

 

 

internal to penducles; influences basal ganglia

Term

 

 

 

 

Pons

Definition

 

 

 

anteior buldge; contains cranial nerves (5-7), projection tracts that run to/from cerebellum and auntonomic system; respiratory control centers

Term

 

 

 

Medulla Oblongata

Definition

 

 

buldge under pons; all communcation between spinal cord and brain invovles the tracts ascending or descending through the medulla oblongata

Term

 

 

Medulla Oblongata contains...

Definition

 

projection tracts to/from spinal cord; nuclei of 5 cranial nerves (8-12); reflex centers and control centers

Term

 

 

 

 

4) Cerebellum

Definition

 

 

made up of gray matter layer, inner white layer, and deep gray matter layer

Term

 

 

 

Arbor Vitae

Definition

 

 

white matter in the cerebellum

Term

 

 

 

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Definition

 

 

interprets proprioception siganls; coordinates voluntary muscle contractions; maintains posture

Term

 

 

 

Peduncles

Definition

 

 

3 thick tracts that link the cerebellum with the brain stem; enables the cerebellum to "fine-tune" skeletal muscle movements

Term

 

 

 

 

Superior Penducle

Definition

 

 

connects cerebellum to the mesencephalon

Term

 

 

 

Middle Peduncle

Definition

 

 

connects the cerebellum to the pons

Term

 

 

 

Inferior Peduncle

Definition

 

 

connects cerebellum to the medulla oblongata

Term

 

 

 

 

3 layers of connective tissue

Definition

 

 

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Term

 

 

 

Dura mater

Definition

 

 

external layer; dense irregular connective tissue; partitions and anchors brain via the dural speta

Term

 

 

2 layers of dura mater

Definition

 

 

 

1) outer periosteal sub-layer forms periosteum

 

2) inner meningeal sub-layer lines brain

Term

 

 

 

Arachnoid

Definition

 

 

web-like middle layer; collagen and elastic fibers; contains subarachnoid space

Term

 

 

 

Pia Mater

Definition

 

 

areolar connective tissue; lies on surface of brain following the contour of the brain

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