Manifest Destiny

(p. 197)

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Textbook Definition: The belief that it is America's right and duty to spread across the North American continent.

Sentence: A century and a half ago, the words "Manifest Destiny" inspired vast hopes and dreams among Americans.

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Louisiana Purchase

Textbook Definition: To most Americans, the Louisiana Purchase looked like the greatest land deal in history. 

Sentence: Late in 1803, the Senate voted to ratify the Louisiana Purchase treaty.

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Napolean Bonaparte

(p. 198)

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Textbook Definition: In 1800, the French ruler Napolean Bonaparte convinced Spain to return Louisiana to France.

Sentence: Napolean Bonaparte had plans for Louisiana.

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Thomas Jefferson

(p. 199-199)

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Textbook Definition: President Thomas Jefferson understood the concerns of American farmers.

Sentence: Opponents also accused Thomas Jefferson of "tearing the Constitution to taters."

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Florida

(p. 200)

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Textbook Definition: Having acquired Louisiana through diplomacy, President Jefferson turned next to Florida.

Sentence: By the 1800's, Florida had a diverse population of Seminole Indians, Spanish colonists, English traders, and runaway slaves.

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"Old Three Hundred"

(p. 201)

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Textbook Definition: By 1827, he had attracted 297 families -soon known as the "Old Three Hundred" -to Texas.

Sentence: The Old Three Hundred went to Texas

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Stephen Austin

(p. 201)

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Textbook Definition: When Moses died suddenly that year, his son Stephen Austin took over his father's dream.

Sentence: Stephen Austin arrived in Texas just as Mexico declared its independence from Spain.

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Sam Houston

(p. 203)

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Textbook Definition: Sam Houston, the commander of the Texas revolutionary army, understood Texans' rage.

Sentence: But as Santa Anna pushed on, Sam Houston's only hope was to retreat eastward.

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Jedediah Smith

(p. 204-205)

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Textbook Definition: In 1824, a young fur trapper named Jedediah Smith found that better way.

Sentence: Jedediah Smith discovered a passage through the Rocky Mountains called South Pass.

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War with Mexico (Mexican War)

(p. 206-208)

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Textbook Definition: They believed that the Mexican War had been unjust and that the treaty was even more so.

Sentence: Until the Mexican War, many people had believed that the United States was too good a nation to bully or invade its weaker neighbors. 

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John C. Fremont

(p. 206, 213)

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Textbook Definition: Meanwhile, a group of Americans led by the explorer John C. Fremont launched a rebellion against Mexican rule in California.

Sentence: Another famed explorer, John C. Fremont, helped to correct this image.

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Bear Republic Flag

(p.207)

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Textbook Definition: California, they declared, was now the Bear Flag Republic.

Sentence: The flag of the Bear Flag Republic shows a grizzly bear sketched in blackberry juice.

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General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo

(p.207)

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Textbook Definition: The Americans arrested and jailed General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, the Mexican commander of Northern California.

Sentence: After General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, the Bear Flag Republic was raised.

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Horace Greeley 

(p. 211)

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Textbook Definition: Newspaperman Horace Greeley captured the growing enthusiasm "going west."

Sentence: Horace Greeley wrote "If you have no family or friends to aid you, and prospect [opportunity] opened to you..turn your face to the great West , and there build up a home and fortune."

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Zebulon Pike 

(p.213)

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Textbook Definition: In 1806, the same year Lewis and Clark returned to St. Louis, 26 year-old army lieutenant Zebulon Pike set out to explore the Southern part of the new Louisiana Territory

Sentence: Zebulon Pike and his party traveled up the valley of the Arkansas River into present-day Colorado.

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Californio

(p. 216-217)

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Textbook Definition: The typical Spanish-speaking Californian, or Californio, was granted a rancho of 50,000 acres or more.

Sentence: The Californios produced almost everything they needed at home.

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Diplomacy

(p. 200)

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Textbook Definition: The art of conducting negotiations with other countries.

Sentence: Having acquired Louisiana through diplomacy, President Jefferson turned next to Florida.

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Tejanos

(p. 201-202)

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Textbook Definition: By 1830, there were about 25,000 Americans in Texas, compared to 4,000 Tejanos, or Texas of Mexican descent.

Sentence: The town was defended by about 180 Texan volunteers including eight Tejanos.

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The Alamo

(p. 202-203)

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Textbook Definition: The Texans had taken over an misson known as the Alamo.

Sentence: The Alamo's defenders watched as General Santa Ana raised a black flag that meant "Expect no mercy."

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Annex

(p. 203)

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Textbook Definition: To add territory to a country.

Sentence:  People in the United States were divided over whether to annex Texas or not.

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Converts

(p. 205)

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Textbook Definition: People who accept a new religion.

Sentence: These earnest preachers made few converts among Oregon's Indians.

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Rancho

(p. 216)

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Textbook Definition: A grant of land made by the Mexican government.

Sentence: Most ranchos were used for raising cattle and crops.

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Homestead

(p. 220)

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Textbook Definition: A plot of land where pioneers could build a home, farm, or ranch.

Sentence: Most of these women were wives and mothers, but some were single women homesteads, husbands, or other new opportunities.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(p. 208)

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Textbook Definition: Early in 1848, Mexico  and the United States signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Sentence: In the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico agreed to give up Texas and a vast region known as the Mexican Cession.

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Northwest Passage

(p. 202)

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Textbook Definition: It's secret purpose was to find the "Northwest Passage," a water route across North America explorers had been seeking ever since Columbus bumped into America.

Sentence: The public purpose of the expedition was to make friendly contact with Indian groups that might be interested in tradem, but instead they were looking for the Northwest Passage.

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Meriwether Lewis

(p. 204, 212)

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Textbook Definition: Between 1804 and 1806, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark gad led a small band of explorers to the Oregon coast. 

Sentence: The group was led by Jefferson's private secretary, Meriwether Lewis and his friend, William Clark.

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William Clark

(p.204, 212)

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Textbook Definition:Between 1804 and 1806, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark gad led a small band of explorers to the Oregon coast. 

Sentence: The group was led by Jefferson's private secretary, Meriwether Lewis and his friend, William Clark.

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Sacagawea

(p. 212-213)

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Textbook Definition: There, a French fur trapper joined them along with his 16-year-old wife, a Shoshone women named Sacagawea, and their infant son.

Sentence: As a girl, Sacagawea had been kidnapped from her people by another group.

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Mission

(p. 216)

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Textbook Definition:  A place established by missionaries for their work.

Sentence: To do this, he began a chain of missions that eventually stretched from San Diego to just Norht of San Francisco.

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Fiesta 

(p. 216)

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Textbook Definition: A social gathering.

Sentence: Life on the ranchos combined hard work and the occasional fiesta.

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Mountain Men

(p. 217-218)

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Textbook Definition: The trappers, who were also called mountain men, living hard and usually died young.

Sentence: Like other mountain men, however, Beckwourth continued his adventurous life as an explorer , army scout, and trader.

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Oregon Trail

(p. 219-221)

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Textbook Definition:  An overland route taht stretched about 2,000 miles from independence, Missouri, to the Columbie River in Oregon.

Sentence: In 1836, the two couples traveled west from St. Louis along the Oregon Trail.

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Mormans

(p. 222-223)

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Textbook Definition: Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 

Sentence: No one else wanted the place that Brigham Young claimed for his followers the Mormons.

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Forty-niners

(p. 224-225)

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Textbook Definition: The people (almost all young men ) who joined the rush for gold in California in 1849.

Sentence: About two-thirds of the forty-niners were Americans.

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Rendezvous

Textbook Definition: A get-together.

Sentence: In July, they traveled to trading posts to swap furs for supplies or gathered for an annual "rendezvous."

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Jim Beckwourth

(p. 218)

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Textbook Definition: A slave who fled Virginia to become a fur trapper.

Sentence: While hunting beaver in the rockies, Beckwourth was captured by Crow Indians.

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Nez Perce

(p. 213,219)

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Textbook Definition: The Nez Perce, and Indian people living in the Pacific Northwest, saved them from starvation.

Sentence: A grateful Lewis wrote in his journal that the Nez Perce "are the most hospitable, honest, and sincere[people] that we have met with on our voyage."

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Marcus Whitman

(p. 219=220)

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Textbook Definition: Marcus was far more successful at converting Americans to the belief that Oregon was a pioneer 's paradise.

Sentence: In 1842, Marcus traveled east on horseback.

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Joseph Smith

(p. 222)

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Textbook Definition: The new church was founded in New York by Joseph Smith in 1830.

Sentence: Joseph Smith taught that he had recieved a sacred book, The Book of Mormon, from an angel.

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Brigham Young

(p. 22-223)

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Textbook Definition: Looking down on the shining surface of Geat Salt Lake in what is now Utah, their leader, Brigham Young, declared, "This is the place!"

Sentence: No one else wanted the place that Brigham claimed for his followers, the Mormons.

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James Marshall

(p. 224)

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Textbook Definition: IN 1848, carpenter James Marshall was building a sawmill on the American River in the northern California.

Sentence: When word of James Marshall's discovery leaked out, people across California dropped everything to race to the goldfields. 

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"Gold Mountain"

(p. 225)

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Textbook Definition: Gam Saan -"Gold Mountain"-was what people in China called California in 1848.

Sentence: To poor and hungry Chinese peasants, "Gold Mountain" sounded like paradise.

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Queues

(p. 226)

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Textbook Definition: Braids

Sentence: Whites hacked off the long queues, worn by Chinese men.

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