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Ch. 14
The Nervous System
46
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/17/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

Nervous System Structural Organization

 

Definition

 

- Central Nervous System (CNS)

 

- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Term

 

 

 

What does the CNS consist of?

 

 

Definition

 

 

 

the brain and spinal cord

Term

 

 

 

What does the PNS consist of?

Definition

 

 

 

- cranial nerves

 

- spinal nerves

 

- ganglia

Term

 

 

cranial nerves

Definition

 

 

 

nerves that extend from the brain

Term

 

 

 

spinal nerves

Definition

 

 

nerves that extend from the spinal cord

Term

 

 

 

ganglia

Definition

 

 

clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

Term

 

 

 

What are the functional divisions of the nervous system?

Definition

 

 

- somatic (afferent) division

 

- motor (efferent) division

Term

 

 

 

Somatic (afferent) division

Definition

 

 

receives sensory information (input) from receptors and transmits this information to the CNS

Term

 

 

 

Motor (efferent) division

Definition

 

 

transmits motor impulses (output) from the CNS to muscles or glands

Term

 

 

 

The sensory division is divided into two components:

Definition

 

- somatic sensory component

 

- visceral sensory component

Term

 

 

somatic sensory component

Definition

 

 

the general somatic senses - touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temeperatrue and proprioception

Term

 

 

 

visceral somatic component

Definition

 

 

transmit nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera to the CNS; includes temperature and stretch of the organ wall

Term

 

 

The motor is subdivided into two components:

Definition

 

 

- somatic motor component

 

- autonomic motor component

Term

 

 

 

somatic motor component

 

(somatic nervous system) = SNS

Definition

 

 

conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles; aka the voluntary nervous system

Term

 

 

 

autonomic motor component

 

(autonomic nervous system) = ANS

Definition

 

 

 

innervates internal organs, regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; aka the vsiceral motor system or involuntary nervous system

Term

 

 

What are the 2 distinct cell types that form nervous tissue?

Definition

 

 

neurons and glial cells

Term

 

 

 

Neurons

Definition

 

 

 

excitable cells that initiate and transmit nerve impulses

Term

 

 

 

Glial cells

Definition

 

 

 

nonexcitable cells that support and protect the neurons

Term

 

 

 

What are the characteristics of neurons?

 

Definition

 

 

 

high metabolic rate, extreme longevity and non-mitotic

Term

 

 

 

What is the structure of the neuron?

 

 

Definition

 

 

 

has a cell body, dendrites and axons

Term

 

 

 

What is the cell body of the a neuron?

Definition

 

 

 

serves as the neuron's control center and is responsible for receiving, integrating and sending nerve impulses

Term

 

 

 

Dendrites

Definition

 

 

 

conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body; receives inputs and then transfer it to the cell body for processing

Term

 

 

 

The more dendrites a neuron has...

 

Definition

 

 

the more nerve impulses that neuron can receive from other cells

Term

 

 

 

Axon

Definition

 

 

- transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body toward another cell; sometimes called the nerve fiber

Term

 

 

 

Neurons can be classified by their..

Definition

 

 

structure or function

Term

 

 

neurons classified by structure

Definition

 

 

- pseudounipolar (usually sensory neurons)

 

- bipolar (mainly in retina)

 

- multipolar

Term

 

 

 

neurons classfied by function

Definition

 

 

- motor neurons (carry signals from CNS; efferent)

 

- sensory neurons (carry signal to CNS; afferent)

 

- association neruons (neurons in CNS)

 

Term

 

 

 

Glial Cells

Definition

 

occurs both in CNS and PNS; sometimes reffered to as neurogila; physically protect and help nourish neurons and provide an organized framework for all the nervous tissue; outnumbers neurons

Term

 

 

4 types of glial cells in CNS

Definition

 

1) oligodendrocytes

 

2) Microglia

 

3) Astrocytes

 

4) Ependmymal cells

Term

 

 

 

Oligodendrocytes

Definition

 

 

produce myelin sheaths that insualtes the CNS

Term

 

 

Microglia

Definition

 

 

 

phagocytize waste

Term

 

 

 

Astrocytes

Definition

 

 

 

nourish neurons; aid in signal transmission (memory), synapse formation; neuron growth

Term

 

 

 

Ependymal Cell

Definition

 

 

lines cavities of CNS; produce cerebrospinal fluid

Term

 

 

 

2 types of glial cells in PNS

Definition

 

 

1) neurolemmocytes

 

2) satellite cells

Term

 

 

 

neurolemmocytes

Definition

 

 

covers unmyelinated axons

Term

 

 

 

 

satellite cells

 

Definition

 

 

protects and regulates nutrients of the cell bodies in ganglia

Term

 

 

 

 

Myelination

Definition

 

 

neuroglial cells fill with fat/protein substance forming a myelin sheath that wraps around the axon

 

- in CNS = oligodendrocytes

 

- in PNS = neurolemmocytes

Term

 

 

 

 

neurofibiril nodes

Definition

 

 

 

spaces between cells

Term

 

 

 

Neuronal synapses

Definition

 

 

an axon transmits a nerve impulse to another neuron at a synapse

Term

 

 

 

synaptic knobs

Definition

 

 

 

swellings formed by synaptic ends at the ends of axon branches

Term

 

 

 

presynaptic neruons

Definition

 

 

transmit nerve impulses along their axonal membranes toward a synapse

Term

 

 

 

post synaptic neurons

Definition

 

 

conduct nerve impluses through their dendritic and cell body membranes away from the synapse

Term

 

 

 

synaptic cleft

Definition

 

 

space between the presynaptic and postynatic cells

Term

 

 

electrical synapses

Definition

 

 

 has the flow of ions passing from the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell through gap junctions

Term

 

 

 

chemical synapse

Definition

 

 

releases a chemical neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell, which binds to the postsynaptic cell and induces a response

Term

 

 

 

The larger the diameter of the axon...

Definition

 

 the fast is the rate of conduction

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