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Ch. 1-5
Intro; Chemical, Cellular, and Tissue Levels of Organization; Integumentary System
66
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/26/2012

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Term
Levels of Structural Organization
Definition
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System and Organismal
Term
Metabolism
Definition
sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Term
Integumentary System
Definition
Components: Skin and structures derived from it, such as hair nails, sweat glands and oil glands; Functions: protects the body, helps make vitamin D, and detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold
Term
Skeletal System
Definition
Components: Bones and joints and their associated cartilages; Functions: Supports and protects the body, provides a surface area for muscle attachments aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids
Term
Muscular System
Definition
Components:Muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue (attaches to bone); Functions: Produces body movements, stabilizes body position, generates heat
Term
Nervous System
Definition
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense orogans; Functions: Generates action potentials to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body's internal and external environment, interpret and respond.
Term
Responsiveness
Definition
the body's ability to detect and respond to changes
Term
Catabolism
Definition
the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Term
Anabolism
Definition
the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller,simpler components
Term
Basic Life Processes
Definition
Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
the condition of eqilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the ceaseless interplay of the body's many regulatory processes
Term
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Definition
fluid within the cells
Term
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Definition
fluid outside the body of the cells; includes interstitial fluid
Term
Interstitial fluid
Definition
the extracellular fluid that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues
Term
Blood Plasma
Definition
ECF within blood vessels
Term
Lymph
Definition
ECF within lymphatic vessels
Term
Synovial fluid
Definition
ECF within joints
Term
Cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
ECF in and around the brain and the spinal cord
Term
Aqueous humor and vitreous body
Definition
ECF of the eyes
Term
Feedback System (or loop)
Definition
cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated
Term
Controlled condition
Definition
each monitored variable of the feeback loop; e.g. temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level
Term
Stimulus
Definition
any disruption that changes a controlled condition
Term
Receptor
Definition
body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
Term
Control Center
Definition
(brain) sets values within a controlled condition should be maintained , evaluates the input it and generates output commands
Term
Effector
Definition
body structure that receives output from the control center
Term
Negative feedback loop
Definition
reverses a change in a controlled condition; e.g. blood pressure (high blood pressure causes control center to send message to heart to decrease rate thus decreasing BP
Term
Baroreceptors
Definition
receptors; pressure sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels, detect the higher pressure
Term
Positive feedback loop
Definition
tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions; e.g. childbirth: contractions push baby into nerve receptors->cc->release of oxytocin->more is released with pressure till birth
Term
Disorder
Definition
any abnormality of structure or function
Term
Disease
Definition
illness characterized by a recognizable set of sign and symptoms
Term
Local Disease
Definition
affects one part or limited region of the body
Term
Systemic Disease
Definition
affects either the enitre body or several parts of it
Term
Symptoms
Definition
subjective changes that are not apparent to observer
Term
Signs
Definition
objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure
Term
Superior
Definition
toward the head; upper part
Term
Inferior
Definition
away from the head; lower part
Term
Anterior
Definition
nearer to front of body
Term
Posterior
Definition
nearer to back of body
Term
Medial
Definition
neared to the midline
Term
Lateral
Definition
farther from midline
Term
Intermediate
Definition
between two structures
Term
Ipsilateral
Definition
on the same side of the body
Term
Contralateral
Definition
on the opposite side of the body
Term
Proximal
Definition
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to origin of the structure
Term
Distal
Definition
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from origin
Term
Superficial
Definition
toward or on the surface of the body
Term
Deep
Definition
away from the surface of the body
Term
Sagittal plane
Definition
vertical plane that divides the body/organ into right and left; "mid"-equal parts, "para"-unequal
Term
Frontal/Coronal plane
Definition
divides the body/organ into anterior/posterior (front and back portions)
Term
Transverse plane
Definition
divides the body/organ into superior/inferior (upper and lower portions)
Term
Oblique plane
Definition
passes through the body/organ at an angle
Term
Dorsal cavity
Definition
contains cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
Term
Cranial cavity
Definition
formed by cranial bones; contains brain
Term
Vertebral cavity
Definition
formed by vertebral column; contains spinal cord and the beginnings of the spinal nerves
Term
Thoracic cavity
Definition
made up of pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum
Term
Pleural cavity
Definition
surrounds each lung; pleura(sm)
Term
Pericardial cavity
Definition
surrounds the heart; pericardium(sm)
Term
Mediastinum
Definition
central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from neck to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
Term
Abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
contains abdominal and pelvic cavities
Term
Ventral cavity
Definition
contains thoracic (pleural, pericardial, mediastinum) and abdominopelvic (abdominal and pelvic cavities)
Term
Abdominal cavity
Definition
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; peritoneum (sm)
Term
Pelvic cavity
Definition
contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine and internal organs of reproduction
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Term
Serous Membrane (sm)
Definition
covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen; parietal and visceral layer
Term
Parietal layer
Definition
(sm)which lines the walls of the cavities
Term
Visceral layer
Definition
(sm) which covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities
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