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ch 7 8 9
A&P ch 7, 8, 9
109
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/21/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
types of bones
Definition
long, short, flat, irregular
Term
Long Bones
Definition
greater in length than width
Term
Short Bones
Definition

cube shaped and nearly equal in length and width 

 

example:tarsals

Term
Flat Bones
Definition

thin and composed of 2 or more parallel plates of compact bone enclosing spongy bone

example:cranial, ribs, sternum 

Term
Irregular Bones
Definition

complex shapes (vertebrae, some facial bones)

Sutural or Wormian bones, Sesamoid bones

Term
Sutural or Wormian Bones
Definition

extra small bones located within sutures of some cranial bones; they are a type of irregular bone

Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition

Bones with a tendon; they are a type of irregular bone 

example:patella

 

Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition

Ribs, sternum, vertebral column

Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition

Bones of appendages and girdles (pectoral and pelvic)

Term
Bones of the Skull
Definition
Suture, Fontanel, Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Temporal, Ethmoid, Nasal, Zygomatic, Laciramal, Maxillae, Mandible, Vomer
Term
Fontanel
Definition

Mesenchyme filled spaces between cranial bones in infants; will become sutures in adults 

Term
Frontal Bone
Definition

includes frontal sinuses (sound chamber giving voice resonance)

Forms forehead, anterior part of cranium, roof of orbits, most anterior part of cranial floor

Term
Parietal Bone
Definition

Form sides and roof of cranial cavity 

Term
Occipital Bone
Definition

Posterior part of skull and base of cranium

contains foramen magnum, occipital condyles, and external occipital protuberance 

Term
Sphenoid Bone
Definition

Middle part of base of skull

Sphenoid sinus (drain into nasal cavity)

Depression of sella turcica which houses pituitary gland

Orbit of eye 

Term
Temporal Bone
Definition

Forms inferior sides of cranium and part of cranial floor

Contains zygomatic process which forms part of zygomatic arch 

Term
Ethmoid Bone
Definition

Located between orbits(eye), principle supporting structure for nasal cavities

Includes superior and medial nasal conchae (allow for filtration and circulation of air)

Term
Nasal Bone
Definition

Part of bridge of nose

Term
Zygomatic Bone
Definition

cheekbones

Term
Lacrimal Bone
Definition

Smallest bones of face, lie in orbit

Term
Maxillae
Definition

Upper jaw

Articulates with every bone of face except mandible

Aveolar process contains sockets for teeth and Palantine process forms most of hard palate

Term
Mandible
Definition

Lower jaw, contains mental foramen

Term
Palatine Bone
Definition

Forms posterior portion of hard palate, part of floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity, and portion of floor of orbit 

 

Term
Vomer
Definition

triangular bone forming inferior and posterior part of nasal septum 

Term

How many curves are in the vertebral column?

 

Definition

4 curves in adult

1 in fetus

Term
Parts of typical vertebra
Definition

Body

Vertebral arch--pedicles, lamina

vertebral foramen

Spinous process

Transverse process

Superior and inferior articular processes with facets 

Term
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Definition
7
Term
Cervical Vertebrae
Definition

Smaller with larger arches

Contain transverse foramen for vertebral artery and vein 

Include specialized atlas and axis for support and movement of the head

Term
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
Definition
12
Term
Thoracic Vertebrae
Definition

Contain articulating surfaces for the ribs (head and tubercle)

Long, pointed spinous process

Term
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
Definition
5
Term
Lumbar Vertebrae
Definition

Largest and strongest

Short and thick projections

Term
Sacrum
Definition

Articulates with pelvic girdle

Fusion of 5 vertebrae

Contains sacral cornu and sacral hiatus, anterior and posterior sacral foramen

Term
Coccyx
Definition

4 small vertebrae that articulate with sacrum 

Term
Intervertebral Discs
Definition

Cartilaginous structures between vertebrae

Permit movement of vertebral column and absorb vertical shock 

Contain nucleus pulpous (soft puply elastic substance)

Term
Sternum
Definition

Breastbone

Consists of manumbrium, body, xiphoid process

Term
Ribs
Definition

Articulate with: thoracic vertebrae at head (superior and inferior facet and tubercle)

Connect to sternum by cartilage

 

Term
How many true ribs are there?
Definition
7
Term
False Ribs
Definition
3, they don't connect directly to the sternum
Term
Floating Ribs
Definition

Connect to last 2 thoracic vertebrae (T11, T12)

Term
Hyoid Bone
Definition

Only bone that does not articulate with any other bone 

Place of muscle attachment 

Term
Bones of Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
Pectoral Girdle (Clavicle, Scapula), Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Hand, Pelvic Girdle (Illium, Ischium, Pubis), Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Foot
Term
Pectoral Girdle
Definition

Clavicle and Scapula 

Term
Clavicle
Definition

Collarbone

Acromial extermity articulates with acromion of scapula

Part of the pectoral girdle

 

Term
Scapula
Definition

Shoulder blade 

Glenoid cavity for articulation with head of humerus

Part of the pectoral girdle

Term
Upper Extremities
Definition
Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Hand, Pelvic Girdle
Term
Humerus
Definition

Articulates with radius and ulna at capitulum and trochlea

Olecranon fossa recieves part of ulna 

Deltoid tuberosity for insertion of deltoid muscle

Part of upper extremities 

Term
Ulna
Definition

Olecranon forms elbow

Greek olnea meaning elbow and kranon meaning head

Medial bone of forearm

Part of upper extremities 

Term

Radius

 

Definition

Thumb or lateral side of forearm

Part of upper extermities 

Term
Hand
Definition

Carpals-8 bones

Metacarpals

Phalanges-bones of fingers 

Part of upper extremities 

Term
Carpals
Definition

8 bones

Trapezium, trapezoid, triqetrum, lunate, hamate, schapoid, capitate, pisiform 

Term
Pelvic Girdle
Definition

3 bones fused together

     illium

     ischium(contatins obturator forament for blood vessels and nerves)

      pubis

Acetabulum for articulation with femur

Pubic symphysis (composed of fibrocartilage) for articulation of 2 pubic bones

Part of upper extremities 

Term
Lower Extremities
Definition
Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Foot
Term
Femur
Definition

Head for articulation with acetabulum

Thighbone

Condyles for articulation with tibia

Part of lower extremities 

Term
Patella
Definition

Kneecap (sesamoid bone)

Part of lower extremities

 

Term
Tibia
Definition

Shinbone

Medial malleous forms part of ankle

Part of lower extremities

 

Term
Fibula
Definition

Distal end contains lateral malleous

Articulates with tibia and talus

Smaller fracture of lower end with injury to tibial articulation is Potts fracture

Term
Potts Fracture
Definition

smaller fracture of lower end with injury to tibial articulation

Term
Foot
Definition

Tarsals

     Talus is only bone that articulates with fibula and tibia

Metatarsals

Phalanges 

Term
Arches of Foot
Definition

Longitudinal Arch

Transverse Arch 

Term
Longitudinal Arch
Definition

Medial part-originates at calcaneus, rises to talus and descends through metatarsals 

Lateral part-begins at calcaneus, rises to cuboid and desceds to metatarsals

 

Term
Transverse Arch
Definition

Travels from medial to lateral surfaces and formed by calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and base of posterior metatarsals 

Term
Articulation
Definition

Joint between bones

Term
Classification of Joints According to Degree of Movement Permitted
Definition

Synarthroses-permit no movement

Amphiarthoses-permit slight movement

Diarthroses-permit free movement

Term
Classification of Joints According to Structure
Definition

Fibrous Joins-fibrous tissue connects

Cartilaginous Joints-cartilage connects

Synovial Joints-synovial membrane lines joint cavity 

Term
Fibrous Joints
Definition

Articular surfaces of bones are connected by fibrous tissue that binds them firmly together

Movement:permits little to no movement 

 

Types:Sutures,Syndesomes, Interosseous Membrane 

Term
Suture Joint
Definition

Fibrous joint with a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue 

Found only between bones of the skull

Example:coronal suture between parietal and frontal bones; frontal suture between frontal bones->ossifies by age 6 form synostosis (bony joint)

Term
Synostosis
Definition
Bony Joint
Term
Syndesmoses
Definition

Means band or ligament 

Type of fibrous joint

Meditated by a ligament of dense irr C tissue, allows limited movement (amphiarthrosis)

Examples:

1. distal tibiofibular joint where the anterior tibiofibular ligament connects the tibia and fibia

2. distal radioulnar joint (dorsal radioulnar ligament) 

3. Gomphosis (peg fits into socket)-dentoaveolar joint where periodontal ligament connects root of tooth to its socket 

Term
Examples of Syndesmoses
Definition

1. distal tibiofibular joint where the anterior tibiofibular ligament connects the tibia and fibia

2. distal radioulnar joint (dorsal radioulnar ligament) 

3. Gomphosis (peg fits into socket)-dentoaveolar joint where periodontal ligament connects root of tooth to its socket 

Term
Interosseous Membrane
Definition

Type of fibrous joint

Sheet of irregular dense C tissue

Allows limited movement (amphrosis), they move as a unit

Locations:between radius and ulna; between tibia and fibula

Term
Cartilaginous Joint
Definition

Cartilage connects articular surfaces

Types: synchondrosis, symphasis

Term
Synchondrosis
Definition

Type of cartilaginous joint

Connecting joint is hyaline cartilage

Movement:immovable (synarthsis)

Examples:

1.Joint between the first rib and manubrium of the sternum

2.Ephiphysial growth plate connecting the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bones (Temporary->synostosis:bony joint)

Term
Examples of Synchondrosis
Definition

Examples:

1.Joint between the first rib and manubrium of the sternum

2.Ephiphysial growth plate connecting the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bones (Temporary->synostosis:bony joint)

Term
Symphasis
Definition

Type of cartilaginous joint

The bones are connected by a board flat disc of fibrocartilage

The ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage

Movement:slightly movabel (ampharthrosis)

Location-all symphases occur in the midline of the body 

Examples:pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs,joint between the manubrium and the body of the sternum 

Term
Examples of Symphasis Joints
Definition

Examples:pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs,joint between the manubrium and the body of the sternum 

Term
Synovial Joint
Definition

Freely movable joint in which a space(joint cavity) seperates articulating ends of bones 

Term
Structure of Synovial Joints
Definition

Synovial Cavity, articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, articular disc(menisci), bursae

Term
Synovial Cavity
Definition

Separates articulating bones 

Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition

Covers surface of bones but does not bind together 

Term
Articular Capsule
Definition

Surrounds diathrosis, encloses synovial cavity and unites articulating bones; composed of fibrous capsule (outer) and synovial membrane (inner)

Term
Synovial Fluid
Definition

Lubricates joint and supplies nourishment for articular cartilage as well as removing wastes 

Term
Ligaments
Definition

Extracapsular ligaments-outside articular capsule 

Intracapsular ligaments-within articular capsule but excluded from the synovial cavity by folds of synovial membrane

Term
Articular Discs (Menisci)
Definition

Pad of fibrocartilage that may lie between articular surfaces of the bones, attached to capsule 

Allows bones of different shapes to fit snuggly; usually divides cavity into 2 separate spaces; maintain stability of joint 

Term
Bursae
Definition

Saclike-fluid filled sacs positioned to reduce friction in some joints; located where skin rubs over bone, between tendons and bones, muscles and bones, and ligaments and bone and within articular capsules 

Term
Types of Synovial Joints (based on shape of articulating surfaces)
Definition

Hinge, planar, pivot, ellipsodial (condyloid), saddle, ball-and-socket

Term
Hinge
Definition

Types of synovial joint

Spool shaped process fits into concave socket

Example: between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna at the elbow 

Term
Planar
Definition

Type of synovial joint 

Gliding of articular surface of one bone over articular surface of another bone 

Example:between navicular and second and third cuniforms of the tarsas in the foot 

Term
Pivot
Definition

Type of synovial joint

Arch shaped process fits around peg-like process

Example: betwen head of radius and radial notch of ulna 

Term
Elliposial (condyloid)
Definition

Type of synovial joint

Oval condyle fits into elliptical (oval) depression-between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of the wrist (carpus)

Term
Saddle
Definition

Type of synovial joint 

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the bone is like a rider in the saddle 

Example:trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of thumb 

Term
Ball and Socket
Definition

Type of synovial joint

Ball shaped process fits into concave socket

Example: head of femur and acetabulum of hipbone, head of humerous and glenoid cavity 

Term
Synovial Joint
Definition

Contact and movement at a diarthrosis 

Strucuture or shape of articulating bones-determines how they fit together

Strength and tension of joint ligaments-components are tense only when joint is in certain position which restricts range of movement and directs movement of bones

Arrangement and tension of muscles-muscle tension reinforces restraint of ligaments 

Apposition of soft parts- limits mobility 

Hormones-may affect joint flexibility 

Term
Angular Movements
Definition
Flexion, extenion, adbuction, adduction
Term
Flexion
Definition
decrease angle
Term
Extension
Definition

increase angle; extension of foot in plantar flexion

Term
Abduction
Definition

Moves body part away from midline 

Term
Adduction
Definition

Moves body part toward the midline 

Term
Circular Movements
Definition

Rotation, cicumduction, suplination, pronation

Term
Circumduction
Definition

moving distal end of bone in a circle causing entire bone to describe surface of a cone; involves rotation, adduction, abduction, flexion, extension 

Term
Supination
Definition

Rotating forearm outward (anatomical position)

Term
Pronation
Definition

Rotating forearm inward 

Term
Special Movements
Definition
Inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, dorsiflexon, plantar flexion, oppostion
Term
Inversion
Definition

Turing sole of foot inward 

Term
Eversion
Definition

Turning sole of foot outward 

Term
Protraction
Definition

Moving body part foward (chin) 

Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition

Stand on heels 

Term
Plantar Flexion
Definition

Standing on tiptoes 

Term
Opposition
Definition

Movement of thumb across palm to touch the fingertips of the same hand 

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