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ch.3
anatomy and respiration
108
Anatomy
Graduate
09/06/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Respiration

 

 

 

Definition

 

 

 

is defined as the exchange of gas between organism and its environment.

Term

 

 

Inspiration

Definition

 

 

breathing in, bringing oxygen to the cells of the body to sustain life.

 

Term

 

 

expiration

Definition

 

 

The process of elimating waste

 products by breathing out.

Term

 

Alveoli

Definition

 

 

 

A small cavity, pit, or hollow, in particular.

Any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

 

 

Term

 

the basic mechanism for inspiration may be likened to a hypodermic needle.

Definition
Term
Air pressure
Definition

is the force exerted on walls of a

chamber by molecules of air.

 

P=F/A

F=force

A=area

 

Term

Boyle's Law

 

 

 

 

Definition

givena gas of constant temp, if you increase the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained, pressure will decrease.

decrease volume=increased pressure

Term

 

 

 

Bony Thorax

Definition

 

Vertebrae and vertebral column

ribs and their attachment to vertebral column

pectoral girdle

sternum

pelvic girdle

(scapula and clavicle, ischium, pubic bone, sacrum,ilium)

Term

 

Visceral Thorax

Definition

Respiratory passageway

mouth and nose

trachea and bronchi

lungs

mediastinum(cavity where heart sets)

 

 

Term
Muscles of Respiration
Definition

Diaphragm(biggest muscle of respiratory system)

accessory muscles of inspiration

accessory muscles of expiration

muscles of postural control

Term
Thorax
Definition

a structure that doubles as the conduit for the spinal cord.

 

 

lungs are housed in thorax, an area bounded by the first rib and clavicle.

 

the entire thorax is suspended from the vertebral column(spinal column)

Term
Anterior aspects
Definition

 

 

composed of ribs and sternum

Term
Spinal Cord
Definition

 

 

the nervous system suppy for the body and extremities

Term
Vertebra
Definition

the functional unit of the vertebral column

plural vertebrae or vetebral column segment.

 

five divisions: cervical, thoraic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

Term
Division of Vertebral column
Definition

cervical vertebra=C1-C7

 

Thoracic vertebra= T1-T12

Lumbar vertebra=L1-L5

Sacrum

coccyx

Term
vertebral column segments
Definition
the vertebral column is composed of 33 segments of bone with a rich set of fossa and prtuberances clearly designed for function.
Term
Foramina
Definition

 

the area serving the head requires

more security for the vertebral artery, so there

are protect foramina(openings) for that purpose.

Term
Spinous process
Definition

 

Major landmark of vertebrae

the collection of which can be felt by rubbing

the spine of friend.

Term

 

Vertebral Foremen

Definition
the corpus of the vertebra makes up the anterior portion, with a prominent hole or vertebral foramen just posterior to that. it is through this foramen tha tthe tracts of the spinal cord pass.
Term
Intervertebral foramina
Definition
n either side of the vertebra permits the spinal nerves to exit and enter the spinal cord.
Term
Superior and inferior articular facets
Definition
allows articulation is to occur in the cervical vertebrae
Term
Atlas
Definition

uppermost cervical vertebra is C1 or Atlas

 

the posterior of C1 has a e.

 reduced prominence, called posterior tubercle

supports skull for rotation.

 

Term
Axis
Definition
C2 on the which the skull pivots
Term
Superior articular facet
Definition

is larger than those of C3 through C7, providing increased surface area for vertebra skull articulation.

 

the vertebral foramen is larger than those in the lower cervical vertebrae, reflecting the tranisition from spinal cord to brainstem.

Term
Pedicle
Definition

foot

the superior suface is marked by a superior articular fact which rest atop the Pedicle.

Term

Thoracic Vertebrae

 

Definition

the 12 thoracic vertebrae T1-T12 provide the basis for respiration framework.

 

they form the posterior point of attachment for the ribs of the bony thorax.

have larger spinous and transverse processes

Term
Intervertebral foramen
Definition

 

the product of the inferior and superior vertebral notches of articulating vertebrae by which spinal nerves communicate with the spinal cord in life.

 

superior and inferior facets are the points of attachment for the ribs.

Term
Articulation of rib and thoracic vertebrae
Definition

last three and 1(1,10,11,12) have one to one arrangement.

 

2-9 attaches to the transverse process and corpus fo the same numbered vertebra and also attaches to the body of the rib above it.

Term
lumbar Vertebrae
Definition

the five lumbar vertebrae are quite large in comparison to thoracic and cervical region.

 

reflecting the stresses placed on them during lifting and ambulation(walking).

Term
Sacrum
Definition

the five sacral vertebrae are actually a fused mass

 

the sacrl formania perform the function of the intervertebral foramina providing passage for the sacral nerves.

Term
Coccyx
Definition
is composed of the fused coccygeal vertebrae. it is so named because of its beaklike appearance, and it articulates with the inferior sacrum by means of a small disc
Term
the ribs of the rib cage articulate with the spinal column in a fashion that permits the rib cage some limited movement for respiration.
Definition
Term
Pelvic girdle
Definition

the lower extremities are attached to this axis by pelvic girdle.

 

comprised of ilium, sacrum,pubic bone ischium

 

provides a strong structure for attaching legs to vertebral column

Term
Pectoral girdle
Definition

the upper extremities are attached through the pectoral girdle.

is the superior counterpart to the pelvic girdle. this structure permits attachment of the upper extremities to vertebral column

Term
Ilium
Definition
a large, winglike bone that provides the bulk of the support for the abdominal musculature and the prominent hip bone.
Term
symphysis
Definition

greek

 

growing together

 

point in which two pubic bones join.

Term
Pectoral Girdle
Definition

 

AKA:shoulder girdle

includes: scapula and clavicle(aka:collarbone), bones that support the upper extremities.

 

pectoral: pertaining to chest

 

Term
ribs in human thorax
Definition

12pairs of ribs

 

4 components:

head: provides articulation surface w/spinal column

neck

shaft

angle: point rib begins

Term
3 classes of ribs
Definition

true ribs 1-7 direct attachment w/sternum through chondral(cartilaginous).

false rib: vertebrondral 8,9,10 attached to sternum by cartilage 

*chondral portion must run superiorly to attached to the sternum

 

floating rib : vertebral ribs 11-12

articulate w/vertebral column

 

 

Term
ribs course
Definition
running postero-lateral and arching around the anterior aspect of body.provides structure for most of the posterior, latral, and anterior aspects of the thorax.
Term
3 components of Sternum
Definition

manubrium sterni= handle, attachment to for clavicle and 1st rib. 2rib articulating at the juncture of the manubrium and corpus.

 

xiphoid=sword

 

ensiform=swordlike

Term

Congential Thorax Deformities

 

Poland's Symdrome

 

Definition

 

is a congenital condition in which the pectrolis major and minor muscles are bost absent, and the child has fusion of the fingers or toes.

Term
Trachea
Definition

is a flexible tube, approx. 11cm in length and coposed of a series of 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings that are open in the posterior aspect.

 

tube runs from inferior border of larynx where it divides at point of CARINA to become MAINSTREAM bronchi.

 

trachea rings are 2-2.5 cm diameter and .4 to .5 wide

connected by continuous mucous membrane lining

 

Term

ESOPHAGUS
Definition

 

 

posterior to the trachea.

is a long callasped tube

adjacent to trachea

provides the conduit to the digestive system.

Term
Bolus
Definition

latin

lump

the esophagus is collasped except when occupied by a bolus of food being propelled by gavity adn peristaltic contractions to waiting stomach.

Term
Mainstem
Definition

the tracheabifurcates to form right and left mainstem or main bronchi.

right side: 20-3o degree angle to trachea,

left side forms 45-55 degree angle

 

Term
Lungs
Definition

lungs are composite of

blood

arterial and venous network

connective tissue

respiratory pathway

tissue specialized for gas exchage.

Term
Bronchial Tree
Definition

smaller tubes

14generations of bronchial tree in left lung

28 generations in right lung

Term

Mediastinal

 

Definition
space on the left is taken up by the heart or middle space structures.
Term
terminal bronchiole(end)
Definition

 

 

third level of division the bronchi divides repeatedly into smaller and smaller cartilaginous tubes with the final tube being the terminal.

 

important division or repeated branching has important effect on respiratory function. 

Term
Pulmonary
Definition

latin

pertaining to the lungs

follow the bronchial tree

serving the gass exchange process at the alveolar level

 

Term
Emphysema
Definition

is generally considered to be a product of a modern society that has not solved its pollution problems. results from smoking, living industrail environment

slow progression

MECHANISM1:ciliated epithelia waste removel is hampered by pollutants, destroy epithelia in early stage.

2. flared out rib cage diaphragm contraction pulls rib cage down and medially reduces size of thorax

3.respiratory failure pneumonia

 

Term
Pleural Lining
Definition

the lungs and inner thoracic wall are completely covered with pleural lining.

provides a means of smooth contact for rough tissue.

mechanism for translating the force of thorax enlargement and inspiration.

 

Term
Visceral pleurae
Definition

the lungs are encased in this lining.

 

Term
parietal pleurae
Definition
thoracic linings
Term
regions of parietal pleurae
Definition

locations

 

mediastinal:covers mediastinum

pericardial

diaphragmatic:covers diaphragm

parietal

apical pleurae

Term
Venules
Definition

latin   tiny viens

continuous with parietal pleurae

wrappings completely encase both lungs and inner thorax

provides airtight seal to permit lungs to follow movement of thorax

Term
Dry Pleurisy
Definition

when fluid is lost or reduced in pleural linings lungs effecting movement

making respiration less efficient

Term
mediastinum
Definition

is located deep within the thorax

 

the heart is encased in medialtinal pleurae, along w/nerves, blood vessels, the esophagus, and lymph vessels.

lies deep to the bony thorax and its muscular coverings nestled deep to the lungs.

Term

 

HIATUS

Definition

 

 

AN OPENING

they decend through the diaphragm adjacent to the esophagus through the esophagus to innervate the abdominal viscera.

Term
TYPES OF INSPIRATION
Definition

QUIET INSPIRATION: requires only one muscle

 

FORCED INSPIRATION: requires many more muscles.

 

one way to expand the thorax is to increase its vertical dimension which occurs with both quiet/forced.

Term

 

 

CRURA

Definition

 

 

CROSSES

THE VERTEBRAL ATTACHMENT IS ACCOMPLISHED BY CRURA

Term
central tendon
Definition

 is a crescent shaped aponeurosis that is white and translucent.

 

conforms to vertebral column in thoracic cavity.

shape mimics curvature of transverse thoracic cavity.

flexible

no contractile qualities.

depends on diaphragm for movement.

heart is above central tendon

provide strong secure floor for mediastinal organ.

 

Term

 

 

PHRENIC NERVE

Definition

 

INNERVATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM

 

decends deep to the omohyoidand sternocleidomastoid muscles and superfical to scalenus muscle into mediastinal space on both sides of heart.

Term

 

 

CERVICAL PLEXUS

Definition

 

 

ORIGIN OF PHRENIC NERVES

A PLEXUS IS A GROUP OF NERVES COMING TOGETHER FOR COMMON PURPOSE

 

from spinal nerves C3, C4, and C5 both sides of spinal cord

Term

 

 

diaphragm

Definition

the primary muscle of inspiration

the dividing point between the thorax and abdomen

 

 

Term

 

 

Central Tendon

Definition

 

the fibers of the diaphragm pull on the central tendon, resulting in downward motion of the diaphragm during inspiration, and this movement expands the lungs in the vertical dimension

Term

 

 

EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL

Definition

 

MUSCLES POSITIONEDSO THAT WHEN THEY CONTRACT, THE ENTIRE RIB CAGE ELEVATES, WTH MOST OF THE DISTANCE MOVED BEING IN THE FRONT ASPECT.

 

MOST SIGNIFICANT RESPIRATORY MUSCLES FOR SPEECH. PROVIDE SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF THE TOAL RESPIRATORY CAPACITY

PERFORM SPEECH SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

LOCATION: BETWEEN 12RIBS LOWER SURFACE  AND THORAX

PROVIDING RIBS WITH UNITY AND MOBILITY

COVERED IN TRANSLUCENT INTERCOSTAL MEMBRANE

Term
PASASTERNAL
Definition

 

NEAR THE STERNUM

PORTION OF THE INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES EMCOMPASSING THE CHONFRAL ASPECT OF THE RIBS.

ACTIVE DURING FORCED INSPIRATION

 

Term

 

assistants in respiration

Definition

 

levatores costarum(brevis and longis)

brevis: portions of the levator originate on the transverse processes of vertebrae C7 through T11 for a total of 12 levator costarum brevis muscles

Course: obliquely down and out to insert into the tubercle of the rib below.

serratus posterior superior

Term

 

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

Definition

MUSCLE MAKES A DIRECT ATTACHMENT TO STERNUMAND ELEVATES THAT STRUCTURE W/RIB CAGE.

 

muscle of the neck

Term

muscles of inspiration

 

(muscles of the neck)

Definition

1. scalenus anterior

2. scalenus medius

3. scalenus posterior

 

provide stability to the head and facilitate rotation

Term
MUSCLES OF UPPER ARM AND SHOULDER
Definition

PECTORALIS MAJOR

PECTORALIS MINOR

SERRATUS ANTERIOR

SUBCLAVIUS

LEVATOR SCAPULAE

RHOMBOIDEUS MAJOR

RHOMBOIDEUS MINOR TRAPEZIUS

 

Term
Pectorial Major
Definition

origin: sternal head: length of sternum at costal cartillages

clavicular head: anterior clavicle

Course: fan-like latrally, converging at humerus

insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

innervation: superior branc of the branchial plexus(speinal nerves C4-C7 and T1)

function: elevates sternum, and subsequently increases transverse dimension of rib cage.

 

Term

 

 

 

Serratus Anterior

 

 

Definition

Fibers of the serratus anterior arise form ribs 1-9

side of thorax

crossing up on the inner vertebral border of scapula

sawlike(knife)

 

Term

 

 

Subclavis

Definition

 

 

muscle course under clavicle

origin: inferior surface of clavicle

course: oblique and medial

insertion: superior surface of rib1 at chondral margin

innervation: brachial plexus, lateral branch, from spinal nerve 5 and 6

Function: elevates rib 1

 

Term

 

 

Levator Scapulae

Definition

muscle

Origin: transverse processes fo C1-C4

Course: Down

Insertion: medial border of scapula

innervation: C3-C5 of cervical plexus

Function: neck support,elevates scapula

Term

 

 

 

Rhomboideus Major and Minor

Definition

 

Origin: Spinous processes of T2-T5

Course: down and laterally in

insertion: scapula

innervation: spinal C5 from the dorsal scapular nerve of upper root of branchial plexus

Function: Stabilizes shoulder girdle

Term
Rhomboideus Minor
Definition

Origin: Spinous processes of C7 and T1

Course: Down and laterally in

Insertion: medial border of scapula

innervation: spinal C5 from the dorsal scapular nerve of upper root of branchial plexus

function: stabilizes shoulder girdle

Term

 

 

Trapezuis

Definition

Origin: Spinous processes of C2 to T12

Course: fan laterally

Insertion: acromion of scapula and superior surface of clavicle

innervation: XI accessory, spinal branch arising from spinal cord in the region of C2-C4 or C5

Function: elongates neck, controls head

Term
Rib cage can be pulled down by
Definition

internal intercoastal muscles

innermost intercostal muscles

transverse thoracis muscles

Term

 

 

anterior abdomen

Definition

muscles include:

internal

external oblique

abdominis

transversus abdominis

rectus abdominis

Term
Posterior Abdomen muscles
Definition

quadratus lumborum

iliacus

psoas major

psoas minor

latissimus dorsi: support expiratory efforts

support rib cage during lifting

other body gestures

Term

 

 

Muscles of the Thorax

Definition

 

 

intrnal intercostal (interosseous portion)

transversus thoracis

innermost intercostals

 

Term

 

 

Internal intercoastal

 

Definition

origin: inferior margin of ribs 1-11

course: down and lateral

insertion: superior surface of the rib below

innervation: intercostal nerves, thoraic intercostal nerves arising from T2-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerve from T7-T11

function: depresses ribs 1-11

Term

 

 

Innermost Intercoastal

Definition

 

Origin: inferior margin of rib 1-11, sparse or absent in superior thorax

Course: down and lateral

Insertion: superior surface of the rib below

innervation: intercostal nerves: thoracic intercostal nerves arising from T2-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves from T7-T11

Function: depresses ribs 1-11

Term

 

 

Transversus Thoracis

 

Definition

Origin: inner thoracic lateral margin of sternum

course: laterally

insertion: inner chondral surface of ribs 2-6

innervation: thoracic intercostal nerves and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves and subcostal nerves derived from T2-T12 spinal nerves.

Function: depresses rib cage

Term

 

 

Posterior Thoracic Muscles

Definition

 

 

Subcostals

 

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Term

 

Subcostal

Definition

Origin: inner posterior thorax;sparse in upper thorax

from inner surface of rib nar angle

Course: Down and Later

insertion: inner surface of second or third rib below

innervation: intercostal nerves of thorax,arising from the ventral rami of the spinal nerves

function: depresses thorax

Term

 

 

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Definition

Origin: Spinous processes of T11,T12,L1-L3

Course: up and laterally

insertion:lower margin of ribs 7-12

innervation: intercostal nerves from T9-T11 and subcostal nerve form T12

function: contraction of these muscles tends to pull rib cage down, support expiratory effort.

Term

 

 

Linea

Definition

 

 

white line

runs from xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis

forming the midline structure for muscular attachment.

Term

 

 

Anterolateral abdominal muscles

Definition

transverse abdominis

internal oblique abdominis

external oblique abdominis rectus abdominis

Term

 

Transversus abdominis

 

Definition

 

origin: posterior abdominal wsll at the vertebral column via the thoracolumbar fascia of the abdominal aponeurosis

course; Lateral

insertion: transversus abdominis aponeurosis and inner surface of ribs 6-12, interdigitating at that point wit the fibers of the diaphragm, inferior most attachment is at the pubis

innervation: thoracic and lumbar nerves from the lower spinal intercostal nerves T7-T12 and first lumbar nerve, illohypogastric and illoinguinal branches

Function: Comresses Abdomen

Term

 

Internal Oblique Abdomins

Origin: inguinal ligament and iliac crest

Course: fans medially

insertion: cartilaginous portion of lower ribs and the portion of the abdominal aponeurosis lateral to the rectus abdominis

innervation: thoracic and lumbar nerves form the lower spinal intercostal nerves T7-T12 and first lumbar nerve, illohypogastric and ilioinguinal branches

Function: rotates trunk, flexes trunk,compresses abdomen

Definition
Term

 

 

External Oblique Abdominis

 

Definition

 

 

Origin: osseous portion of the lower seven ribs

course: fan downward

insertion: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and abdominal aponeurosis later to rectus abdominis

innervation: thoracoabdominal nerve arising from T7-T11 and subcostal nerve from T12

Function: bilateral contraction flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen, unilateral contraction results in trunk rotation.

Term

 

 

Rectus Abdominis

Definition

Origin: as four or five segments at pubis inferiorly

course: up to segment border

insertion: xiphoid process of sternum and the cartilage of ribs 5-7,lower ribs

innervation: T7-T11 intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve from T12.

Function: flexion of vertebral column

Term

 

Quadratus Lumborum

 

Definition

Origin: iliac crest

course: fan up and in

insertion: transverse processes of the lumbar vertebre and inferior border of rib 12

innervation: thoracic nerve T12 and L1-L4 lumbar nerves

Function: bilateral contraction fixes abdominal wall in support of abdominal compression

Term

Latissimus Dorsi

(widest)

Definition

origin: lumbar, sacral, and lower thoracic vertebrae

course: up fanlike

insertion: humerus

innervation: brachial plexus, posterior branch, fibers from the regions C6-C8 form the long subscapular nerve

function: for respiration, stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration

Term

summary

to inflate the lungs, you need to expand the cavity that holds them so air can rush in.

to do this you can either increase the long dimension fairly easily by contracting the diaphragm or you can elevate the rib cage with just a littel bit more effort.

forced expiration: reverses this processes by pulling the thorax down and in and by forcing the diaphragm higher into the thorax.

 

Definition
Respiration is the process of gas exchange between an organism and its environment. The rib cage made up of spinal column and ribs hosues the lungs,which are the primary mechanism of respiration by means of cartilaginous and bronchial tree, air is brought into the lungs for gas exchange with the minute alveolar sacs. oxygen enters the bloosd and carbon dioxide si removed to be expired.
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