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Ch.3 Cells
The Living Units
30
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/12/2007

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Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
-Seperates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids

-Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity

-Glycocalyx is a glycoprotein that provides specific markers by which cells recognize one another
Term
Fluid Mosaic Model
Definition
-Double bilayer of lipids with imbedded, dispersed proteins

-Bilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
-found only in the outer membrane surface

-20% of all membrane lipid is cholesterol
Term
Functions of Membrane Proteins
Definition
-Transport

-Enzymatic Activity

-Receptors for signal transduction

-Intercellular adhesion

-Cell-Cell recognition

-Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Term
Membrane Junctions: Tight Junction
Definition
Impermeable junction that encircles the cell
Term
Membrane Junctions:Desmosome
Definition
Anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells
Term
Membrane Junctions:Gap Junctions
Definition
A nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells
Term
Diffusion Through The Plasma Membrane
Definition
coming soon...
Term
Passive Membrane Transport: Osmosis
Definition
-Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane

-Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Osmolarity - total concentration of solute particles in a solution

Tonicity - how a solution affects cell volume
Term
Passive Membrane Transport: Filtration
Definition
-The passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure

-Pressure Gradient pushes solute-containing fluid from a higher-pressure area to a lower-pressure area
Term
Effects of Solutions of Varying Tonicity
Definition
Isotonic - solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol

Hypertonic - solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol

Hypotonic - solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol
Term
Active Transport
Definition
-Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane

-Requires carrier proteins
Term
Types of Active Transport
Definition
coming soon...
Term
Vesicular Transport
Definition
Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes

Exocytosis- moves substane from the cell interior to the extracellular spae

Endocytosis- enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell

....- moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell

Phagocytosis- pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell's interior

Fluid-phase endocytosis- the plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into the interior of the cell
Term
Membrane Potential
Definition
Voltage across a membrane
Term
Resting Membrane Potential
Definition
-Results from Na+(sodium) and K+(potassium) concentration gradients across the membrane

-Differential permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ and K+

-Steady state - potential maintained by active transport of ions
Term
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMS)
Definition
-Anchor cells to the extracellular matrix

-Assist in movement of cells past one another

-Rally protective white blood cells to injured or infected areas
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
Cytoplasm- material between plasma membrane and the nucleus

Cytosol- largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes

Cytoplasmic Organelles- metabolic machinery of the cell

Inclusions- chemical substances such as glycosomes, glycogen granules, and pigment
Term
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Definition
-Specialized cellular compartments:

-Membranous
-Nonmembranous
Term
Mitochondira
Definition
-Double membrane structure with shelf-like cristae

-Provide most of the cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration

-Contain their own DNA and RNA
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
-Granules containing protein and rRNA

-Site of protein synthesis
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition
-Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae

-Continuous with the nuclear membrane

-Two varieties - Rough ER and Smooth ER
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Definition
-External surface studded with ribsomes

-Manufactures all secreted proteins

-Responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes
Term
Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
Definition
Linking together amino acid
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Definition
-Tubules arranged in a looping network

-Catalyzes the following reactions in various organs of the body
-In the liver
-In the testes
-In the intestinal cells
-In skeletal and cardiac muscle
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
-Stacked and flattened membranous sacs

-Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins

-Transport vessels from the ER fuse with the Golgi apparatus

-Proteins then pass through the Golgi apparatus
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
-Sphericle membranous bags containing digestive enzymes

-Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins

-Degrade nonfunctional organelles

-Breakdown nonuseful tissue

-Breakdown bone to release Ca2+
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
-Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases

-Detoxify harmful or toxic substances

-Neutralize dangerous free radicals
-Free radicals- highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons (i.e., O2-)
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
-The "skeleton" of the cell

-Dynamic, elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol

-Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
Term
Centrioles
Definition
-Small barrel-shaped organeles located in the centrosome near the nucleus

-Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis

-Form the bases of cilia and flagella
Term
Cilia
Definition
Whip-like, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells
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