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Ch 3-4 Test
STUDY
133
Anatomy
12th Grade
02/08/2010

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Cards

Term
What organelle contains genetic material (DNA) and is the control center of the cell?
Definition
Nucleus
Term
What is the function of a nucleus?
Definition
It contains genetic material (DNA) and is the control center of the cell.
Term
What organelle is the barrier of the nucleus?
Definition
Nuclear Envelope
Term
What is the function of a Nuclear Envelope?
Definition
It is the barrier of the nucleus.
Term
What organelle is the site of ribosome production?
Definition
Nucleoli
Term
What is the function of a Nucleoli?
Definition
It is the site of ribosome production.
Term
What organelle is composed of DNA and Protein and condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides?
Definition
Chromatin
Term
What is the function of the Chromatin?
Definition
It is composed of DNA and Protein and it condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides.
Term
What organelle controls what enters and exits the cell, is made of a double phospholipid layer of hydophilic heads and hydophobic tails and also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins?
Definition
Plasma Membrane
Term
What is the function of a Plasma Membrane?
Definition
It controls what enters and exits the cell and is made of a double phospholipid layer of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. It also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins.
Term
What is hydrophilic and is it heads or tails?
Definition
Heads - It likes water.
Term
What is hydrophobic and is it heads or tails?
Definition
Tails - It repels from water.
Term
What is the organelle that is the finger-like projections that increase surface areas for absorption?
Definition
Microvilli
Term
What is the function of a microvilli?
Definition
It is the finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption.
Term
What organelle is the material outside the nucleolus and inside the plasma membrane that contains cytosol and organelles?
Definition
Cytoplasm
Term
What is the function of Cytoplasm?
Definition
It is the material outside the nucleolus and inside the plasma membrane and contains cytosol and organelles.
Term
What organelle is the "power house of the cell", makes energy, and converts energy stored in food to compounds the cell can use (ATP)?
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
What is the function of a mitochondria?
Definition
It is the "power house" of the cell, it makes energy, and it also converts energy stored in food to compounds the cell can use (ATP).
Term
What organelle is where proteins are made and are found at the cytoplasm and attached to the Rough ER?
Definition
Ribosomes
Term
What is the function of Ribosomes?
Definition
It is where proteins are made and are found in the cytoplasm and attached to the Rough ER.
Term
What organelle contains ribosomes, assembles proteins to be exported out of the cell, and is usually found close to the nucleus?
Definition
Rough ER
Term
What is the function of the Rough ER?
Definition
It contains ribosomes, assembles proteins to be exported out of the cell and is usually found close to the nucleus.
Term
What organelle does not contain ribosomes and makes lipids for the cell membrane and detoxification of drugs?
Definition
Smooth ER
Term
What is the function of the Smooth ER?
Definition
It does not contain ribosomes and makes lipids for the cell membrane and detoxification of drugs.
Term
What organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the Rough ER to be secreted out of the cell or to be stored in the cell and is known as the "customization shop"?
Definition
Golgi Apparatus
Term
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Definition
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the Rough ER to be secreted out of the cell or stored in the cell and is known as the "customization shop".
Term
What organelle is known as the "the cleaners" and is filled with enzymes that breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that the cell can use?
Definition
Lysosomes
Term
What is the function of a Lysosome?
Definition
It is known as "the cleaners" and is filled with enzymes that breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that the cell can use.
Term
What organelle is made of sacs of enzymes that detoxify harmful substances and break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)?
Definition
Peroxisomes
Term
What is the function of the Peroxisomes?
Definition
It is the sacs of enzymes that detoxify harmful substances and break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals).
Term
What organelle is the network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm and provides the cells with an internal framework?
Definition
Cytoskeleton
Term
What is the function of a cytoskeleton?
Definition
It is the network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm and provides cells with an internal framework.
Term
What organelle is not found in all cells and is used for movement? (2)
Definition
Cilia and Flagella
Term
What is the function of the Cilia and Flagella?
Definition
It is not found in all cells and is used for movement.
Term
What organelle moves material across the cell surface?
Definition
Cilia
Term
What is the function of Cilia?
Definition
It moves materials across the cell surface.
Term
What organelle propels the cell?
Definition
Flagellum
Term
What is the function of Flagellum?
Definition
Propels the cell (sperm!).
Term
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? (both)
Definition
Assembles materials for inside and outside the cell.
Term
What is the function of cytosol?
Definition
Fluid that suspends other elements.
Term
What organelle is the fluid that suspends other elements?
Definition
Cytosol
Term
What is the function of an organelle?
Definition
It is the metabolic machinery of the cell.
Term
What is the metabolic machinery of the cell?
Definition
An Organelle.
Term
What are solutions?
Definition
Solvents and Solutes.
Term
What is interstitual fluid?
Definition
Solution on the exterior of the cell derived from blood.
Term
What is intracellular fluid?
Definition
Solution on the interior of the cell loaded with solutes.
Term
To remain healthy, a cell must be able to _____________.
Definition
Extract its needs form the fluid.
Term
What is Membrane Transport?
Definition
Movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Term
What is Selective Permeability?
Definition
The plasma membrane allows some materials (nutrients) to pass while excluding others (toxins).
Term
What are the two ways in which substances move through the plasma membrane?
Definition
Passive and Active transport
Term
What is passive transport?
Definition
Movement through the plasma membrane without any energy from the cell.
Term
What is active transport?
Definition
Movement through the plasma membrane that requires energy (ATP) from the cell.
Term
What the the two types of passive transport?
Definition
Diffusion and Filtration.
Term
What are the three types of diffusion?
Definition
Simple, Facillated, and Osmosis.
Term
What is filtration?
Definition
Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure. Ex) Filtration occurs in the kidneys.
Term
What is diffusion?
Definition

Particles tend to move from high to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient.

 

Ex) Ions moving across cell membranes; neurotransmitters moving between two nerves.

Term
What is simple diffusion?
Definition

Substances diffuse directly down their concentration gradient through the membrane.

 

Nonpolar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through the membrane. Substances include oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Term
What is facilitated diffusion?
Definition

Molecules are transported passively through protein channels down their concentration gradient.

 

Substances require protein channels (glucose, sugars, amino acids, and ions).

Term
What is osmosis?
Definition
Diffusion of water through the membrane when concentration differs on both sides.
Term
What is tonicity?
Definition
When cells have the ability to change their shape by altering their water volume.
Term
What is isotonic osmosis?
Definition

Solutions with the same concentrations of solutes as those found in the cell.

 

In an isotonic environment, water will diffuse in and out at equal rates.

 

CELL RETAINS THEIR NORMAL SHAPE.

Term
What is hypertonic osmosis?
Definition

Solutions with higher concetnration of slutes than in the cell.

 

CELLS LOSE WATER AND SHRINK.

 

Ex) Salty water!

Term
What is a homeostatic imbalance in a hypertonic situation?
Definition
Hypertonic solutions are given to patients that are swelling to draw excess water out.
Term
What is hypotonic osmosis?
Definition

Solutions that are more dilute than cells.

 

CELLS GAIN WATER AND SWELL.

 

Ex) Distilled water!

Term
What is solute pumping?
Definition
Ions are transported against gradients.
Term
What is Vesicular (bulk) transport?
Definition

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

 

Moving materials in and out of the cell without using gradients.

Term
What is exocytosis?
Definition
Moving materials out of the cell using vesicles. (Big bubble moves into bigger bubble and air inside of it just joins the air inside the bigger bubble)
Term
What is endocytosis?
Definition

Substances are engulfed into the cell.

 

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptors.

Term
What are the three types of Endocytosis?
Definition
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptors
Term
What is Phagocytosis?
Definition

Cell eating (large)

 

Ex) Bacteria

Term
What is Pinocytosis?
Definition
Cell drinking (Small)
Term
What is receptors?
Definition

Mediated Endocytosis

 

Some integral proteins on the plasma membrane have receptors that recognize and take in hormones, cholesterol, etc.

Term
What is histology?
Definition
the study of tissues
Term
What is the study of tissues?
Definition
Histology
Term
What are tissues?
Definition
Groups of cells which are similar in structure and which perform common or related functions.
Term
What are the groups of cells which are similar in structure and which perform common or related functions?
Definition
Tissues
Term
What are the four types of tissue types in the human body?
Definition

Epithelial (covering)

 

Connective (support)

 

Nervous (control)

 

Muscle (movement)

Term
Where is the epithelial tissue located?
Definition

1) Covers and lines the body

 

2) Glandular tissue

Term
What are the four functions of the Epithelial tissue?
Definition

Protection

Absorption

Filtration

Secretion

Term
What are 6 characteristics of Epithelia?
Definition

1) cells fit closely together to form SHEETS

2) Has an apical surface (smooth, microvilli, or cilia)

3) Has a basal surface that is attached to a thin supporting sheet called the basal lamina (non cellular, acts as filter)

4) All epithelial sheets rest on connective tissue

5) Avascular (no blood supply) but have lots of nerves

6) regenerate easily if well nourished

Term
How is Epithelia classified?
Definition
Number of cell layers and Shape
Term
What are the classifications of the number of cell layers for the Epithelia?
Definition
Simple and stratified
Term
What does it mean to be 'simple' in epithelia?
Definition
one layered, performs absorption, secretion, and filtration.
Term
What does it mean to be stratified in epithelia?
Definition
more than one layer, protection
Term
What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?
Definition
Squamous, Cuboidal, and columnar
Term
What are glands?
Definition
One or more cells that secrete a particular product
Term
What are the two types of glands?
Definition
Endocrine and Exocrine
Term
What is the endocrine gland?
Definition

It produces and secretes hormones

 

secrete chemical signals called hormones into the bloodstream where they travel through the body and affect other cells

Term
What is the exocrine gland?
Definition

Secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities

 

Secretes material into ducts that lead to the body surface

 

include mucus, sweat, salivary and oil glands

 

can be multicellular or unicellular

Term
What is multicellular?
Definition
Pancreas, stomach, sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, and sebaceous glands
Term
What is unicellular?
Definition
Goblet cells
Term
What is connective tissue?
Definition
Found everywhere in the body and is the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
Term
What are the four functions of the connective tissue?
Definition

1) Binds body tissues together

2) Supports the body

3) Provides protection

4) Transportation

Term
What are some of the characteristics of the connective tissue?
Definition

Vascularized (except tendons, ligaments and cartilage)

Extracellular matrix

Term
What is an extracellular matrix?
Definition
Non-living material that surrounds differnet types of living cells, made of ground substance and fibers
Term
What are the three ground substances?
Definition

1) Mostly water - Absorbs water

2) Adhesion proteins - serves as glue

3) Polysaccharide molecules - as # of molecules goes up, tissues goes from fluid to hard

Term
What are the three types of fibers?
Definition
Collagen (white), Elastic (yellow), and Reticular (fine collagen)
Term
What are collagen fibers composed of?
Definition

1) interwoven strands of the protein collagen

2) thick fibers with great tensile strength (it's tough to pull apart)

Term
What are elastic fibers composed of?
Definition

1) Protein called elastin whose coiled structure allows it to stretch and snap back like a rubber band

2) accounts for the ability of the lungs, arteries, and skin to spring back after they are stretched.

Term
What are reticular fibers composed of?
Definition

1) a thinner collagen fiber coated with glycoproteins

2) these fibers can branch extensively and form networks for certain organs.

Term
What is the function of the muscle tissue?
Definition
To produce movement
Term
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Definition
Skeletal, Cardiac, smooth
Term
The nervous tissue is composed of....
Definition
neurons and nerve support cells
Term
What is the function of the nervous tissue?
Definition

1)irritability

2)Conductivity

3)Responsiveness

Term
What is regeneration?
Definition
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
Term
What is fibrosis?
Definition
Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (Scar tissue)
Term
What determines whether you use regeneration or fibrosis to repair tissue?
Definition
Type of tissue damaged and the severity of the injury
Term
What happens when tissues are repaired?
Definition

Capillaries become very permeable

-introduce clotting proteins

-wall off injured area

 

Formation of granulation tissue

 

Regeneration of surface epithelium

Term
What are the types of tissues that regenerate easily?
Definition

All epithelial tissue

 

Fibrous connective tissue and bone

Term
What types of tissues regenerate poorly?
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Term
What tissues are replaced largely with scar tissue?
Definition

Cardiac muscle

Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

 

Term
what is the sequence of the path of a protein in a cell?
Definition

Ribosome

 

Rough ER

 

Golgi Apparatus

 

released from cell

Term
An environmental toxin is discovered that interferes with certain cellular functions. When affected, cells are examined, it is observed that proteins that are normally found on the plasma membrane are instead found in the cytoplasm or are located in the wrong places around the cell. Which organelle is most likely affected by the toxin?
Definition
Golgi Apparatus b/c it stores proteins within the cell
Term
Which organelle brakes down worn-out structures into smaller molecules that the cell can use?
Definition
Lysosome?
Term
What type of organelle would be abundant in a skeletal muscle cell?
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
Cholesterol is used in the cell membrane to ______.
Definition
help make the membrane more fluid
Term
If a cell needed to get more sodium inside the cell even through the cell had a high concentration of sodium inside the cell, what membrane transport would most likely be used?
Definition
active transport
Term
Which muscle has a banded appearance?
Definition
SKELETAL
Term
Which kind of connective tissue composes the basement membrane and packages organs as well as includes a gel-like matrix with all categories of fibers and many cell types?
Definition
Areolar
Term
Which connective tissue provides insulation for the body?
Definition
Adipose
Term
Which connective tissue forms the stroma or internal "skeleton" of lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid organs?
Definition
Reticular
Term
What is the nonspecific response of the body to injury?
Definition
Inflamation
Term
What three things do each cell have in common?
Definition
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Plasma membrane
Term
Name the fluid, similar to seawater, which surrounds and bathes all body cells.
Definition
Interstitual fluid
Term
What organelle is the site of steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism?
Definition
Smooth ER
Term
In which tissue type would you expect to find goblet cells?
Definition
Simple Columnar
Term
What type of connective tissue acts as a sponge, soaking up fluid when swelling occurs?
Definition
Areolar
Term
Where is ciliated epithelium found?
Definition
Respiratory tract
Term
What role does the ciliated epithelium play?
Definition
Moves substances like mucous (think about throat)
Term
Transitional epithelium is actually stratified squamous epithelium, but there is something special about it. how does it differ structurally from other stratified squamous epithelia?
Definition
varied cell layer on top for stretching
Term
What is the makeup of the matrix in connective tissues?
Definition
Three fibers and a ground substance (water, proteins, calcium salts, etc.)
Term
How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure?
Definition
type of fiber determines function by its function. how many also affect the hardness
Term
How does the special structure of a neuron relate to its function?
Definition
very elongated, ability to conduct electricity
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