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| simplest from of matter w/ unique chemical properties |
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| average total # of protons/neutrons |
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| What two particles are found in the nucleus? |
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| Protons have a ______ charge |
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| Neutrons have a _______ charge |
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| Electrons have a _______ charge |
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| determine chemical properties of an atom |
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| # of electrons is equal to # of protons |
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| What makes an atom neutral? |
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| atoms w/ same # of protons but different # of neutrons |
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| extra neutrons increase atomic _____ |
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| ionic, covalent and hydrogen |
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| 3 major types of chemical bonds |
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| attraction between opposite charged ions |
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| sharing of valence electrons |
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| weak attraction between slight positive H atom and a slightly O or N atom |
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| example of hydrogen bonds |
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| 2 or more atoms joined by strong chemical bond |
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| composed of 2 or more different elements by strong or weak bonds |
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| show elements & how many atoms of each are present |
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| molecules w/ identical molecular formala but diff. atom arrangement |
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| equal sharing of electrons |
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| example of polar covalent bond |
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| potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
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| materials going into a reaction |
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| materials coming out of a reaction |
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| all the reactions occurring at the same time |
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| Decomposition, synthesis, exchange and reversible |
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| 4 types of chemical reactions |
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| decomposition reaction (catabolism) |
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| large molecules broken down into smaller ones ( AB -> A+B) |
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| exergonic (exothermic) reaction |
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| chemical bond broken, energy released |
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| synthesis reaction (anabolism) |
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| 2 or more smaller molecules combines to form a larger one; forms a chemical bond (A+B->AB) |
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| endergonic (endothermic) reaction |
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| example of decomposition reaction |
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| example of synthesis reaction (anabolism) |
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| 2 molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms (AB + CD -> AD+CB) |
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| reaction that goes in either direction (A+B<->AB) |
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| amount of energy needed to get a reaction started |
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| protein catalysts that LOWER the activation energy reactions |
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| molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen as their primary structure |
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| water, acids, bases, and salts |
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| examples of inorganic compounds |
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| molecules based on carbon and hydrogen |
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| carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids |
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| examples of organic compounds |
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| accounts for up to 2/3 of human total body weight |
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| a uniform mixture of two or more substances |
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| molecules that will dissolve or break up in water |
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| solution of very large organic molecules |
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| solution in which particles settle (sediment) |
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| blood plasma, gelatin desserts, agar culture media |
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| amount of solute in a solvent |
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| the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution |
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| high H+ concentration, low OH concentration |
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| low H+ concentration, high OH concentration |
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| a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution |
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| a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution |
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| solutes that dissociate into cation and anions other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions |
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| a mixture of chemicals that resist changes in pH when an acid of base is added to the solution |
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| neutralizes either strong acid or strong base |
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| basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt |
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| hydrophilic organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ration |
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| all digested carbohydrates are converted to _______ and oxidized to make _____ |
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| glucose, fructose and galactose |
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| general formula for monoccharides (1:2:1) |
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| two simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis |
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| many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis |
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| starch, glycogen and cellulose |
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| examples of polysaccharides |
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| mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils and waxes |
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| fatty acids, eicosandoids, glycerides, steroids and phospholipids/glycolipids |
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| long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end |
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| fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule |
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| 1. energy source 2. thermal insulation 3. protection (cushioning organs) |
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| 3 important functions of triglycerides |
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| four rings of carbon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups |
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| the most abundant and important organic molecules |
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| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen |
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| proteins contain which 4 basic elements? |
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| basic building blocks of proteins |
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| support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination/control, and defense |
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| 7 major protein functions |
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| long chains of amino acids |
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| the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain |
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| hydrogen bonds causes spirals,coiling, folded effect or pleats |
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| secondary structure folds into a unique shape |
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| final protein shape-several tertiary structures together |
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| proteins that speed up a reaction by lowering activation energy |
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| an ion of molecule that binds to an enzyme before sublates can bind |
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| transfer electrons between enzymes (non protein organic cofactors) |
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| loss of shape and function due to heat or pH |
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| large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level |
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| building blocks of DNA and RNA |
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| sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base |
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| nucleotides are made of what 3 things? |
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| messenger (mRNA), transfer (tRNA), ribosomal (rRNA) |
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