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Ch 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
Anatomy & Physiology 1
111
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/14/2017

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Term
Chemistry
Definition
the science of change
Term
Matter
Definition
made up of atoms
Term
Element
Definition
simplest from of matter w/ unique chemical properties
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
# of protons
Term
Atomic Weight
Definition
average total # of protons/neutrons
Term
Protons and Neutrons
Definition
What two particles are found in the nucleus?
Term
Positive
Definition
Protons have a ______ charge
Term
Neutral
Definition
Neutrons have a _______ charge
Term
Negative
Definition
Electrons have a _______ charge
Term
Electron
Definition
determine chemical properties of an atom
Term
# of electrons is equal to # of protons
Definition
What makes an atom neutral?
Term
isotopes
Definition
atoms w/ same # of protons but different # of neutrons
Term
weight
Definition
extra neutrons increase atomic _____
Term
ionic, covalent and hydrogen
Definition
3 major types of chemical bonds
Term
ionic bond
Definition
attraction between opposite charged ions
Term
donor
Definition
cations
Term
acceptor
Definition
anions
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
sharing of valence electrons
Term
hydrogen bonds
Definition
weak attraction between slight positive H atom and a slightly O or N atom
Term
water, DNA, proteins
Definition
example of hydrogen bonds
Term
molecules
Definition
2 or more atoms joined by strong chemical bond
Term
compounds
Definition
composed of 2 or more different elements by strong or weak bonds
Term
molecular formula
Definition
show elements & how many atoms of each are present
Term
structural formula
Definition
location of each atom
Term
isomer
Definition
molecules w/ identical molecular formala but diff. atom arrangement
Term
non polar covalent bond
Definition
equal sharing of electrons
Term
polar covalent bond
Definition
unequal sharing
Term
water
Definition
example of polar covalent bond
Term
energy
Definition
power to do work
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
energy of motion
Term
potential energy
Definition
stored energy
Term
chemical energy
Definition
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Term
reactants
Definition
materials going into a reaction
Term
products
Definition
materials coming out of a reaction
Term
metabolism
Definition
all the reactions occurring at the same time
Term
Decomposition, synthesis, exchange and reversible
Definition
4 types of chemical reactions
Term
decomposition reaction (catabolism)
Definition
large molecules broken down into smaller ones ( AB -> A+B)
Term
exergonic (exothermic) reaction
Definition
chemical bond broken, energy released
Term
synthesis reaction (anabolism)
Definition
2 or more smaller molecules combines to form a larger one; forms a chemical bond (A+B->AB)
Term
endergonic (endothermic) reaction
Definition
needs energy
Term
Hydrolysis Reactions
Definition
example of decomposition reaction
Term
Dehydration synthesis
Definition
example of synthesis reaction (anabolism)
Term
exchange reaction
Definition
2 molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms (AB + CD -> AD+CB)
Term
reversible reaction
Definition
reaction that goes in either direction (A+B<->AB)
Term
activation energy
Definition
amount of energy needed to get a reaction started
Term
enzymes
Definition
protein catalysts that LOWER the activation energy reactions
Term
inorganic compounds
Definition
molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen as their primary structure
Term
water, acids, bases, and salts
Definition
examples of inorganic compounds
Term
organic compounds
Definition
molecules based on carbon and hydrogen
Term
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
Definition
examples of organic compounds
Term
water
Definition
accounts for up to 2/3 of human total body weight
Term
solution
Definition
a uniform mixture of two or more substances
Term
solution
Definition
solvent + solute=_______
Term
solubitility
Definition
molecules that will dissolve or break up in water
Term
water
Definition
the universal solvent
Term
colloid
Definition
solution of very large organic molecules
Term
suspension
Definition
solution in which particles settle (sediment)
Term
blood plasma, gelatin desserts, agar culture media
Definition
examples of colloid
Term
whole blood
Definition
example of a suspension
Term
concentration
Definition
amount of solute in a solvent
Term
pH
Definition
the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
Term
neutral pH
Definition
H+=OH
Term
acidic
Definition
pH lower than 7.0
Term
acidic
Definition
high H+ concentration, low OH concentration
Term
basic (alkaline)
Definition
pH higher than 7.0
Term
basic (alkaline)
Definition
low H+ concentration, high OH concentration
Term
acid
Definition
a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution
Term
base
Definition
a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution
Term
salts
Definition
solutes that dissociate into cation and anions other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
Term
buffers
Definition
a mixture of chemicals that resist changes in pH when an acid of base is added to the solution
Term
buffers
Definition
neutralizes either strong acid or strong base
Term
antacids
Definition
basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
hydrophilic organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ration
Term
monosaccharide
Definition
simple sugar
Term
disaccharide
Definition
two sugars
Term
polysaccharide
Definition
many sugars
Term
glucose, ATP (energy)
Definition
all digested carbohydrates are converted to _______ and oxidized to make _____
Term
glucose, fructose and galactose
Definition
major monosaccharides
Term
C6H12O6
Definition
general formula for monoccharides (1:2:1)
Term
disaccharides
Definition
two simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis
Term
sucrose
Definition
table sugar
Term
maltose
Definition
grain products
Term
lactose
Definition
sugar in milk
Term
sucrose
Definition
glucose+fructose=?
Term
maltose
Definition
glucose+glucose=?
Term
lactose
Definition
glucose+galactose=?
Term
ploysaccharides
Definition
many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis
Term
starch, glycogen and cellulose
Definition
examples of polysaccharides
Term
lipids
Definition
mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils and waxes
Term
fatty acids, eicosandoids, glycerides, steroids and phospholipids/glycolipids
Definition
5 type of lipids
Term
fatty acids
Definition
long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end
Term
glycerides
Definition
fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Term
1. energy source 2. thermal insulation 3. protection (cushioning organs)
Definition
3 important functions of triglycerides
Term
steroids
Definition
four rings of carbon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups
Term
proteins
Definition
the most abundant and important organic molecules
Term
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Definition
proteins contain which 4 basic elements?
Term
20 amino acids
Definition
basic building blocks of proteins
Term
support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination/control, and defense
Definition
7 major protein functions
Term
long chains of amino acids
Definition
structure of a protein
Term
primary structure
Definition
the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain
Term
secondary structure
Definition
hydrogen bonds causes spirals,coiling, folded effect or pleats
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
secondary structure folds into a unique shape
Term
quaternary structure
Definition
final protein shape-several tertiary structures together
Term
enzyme
Definition
proteins that speed up a reaction by lowering activation energy
Term
cofactor
Definition
an ion of molecule that binds to an enzyme before sublates can bind
Term
coenzyme
Definition
transfer electrons between enzymes (non protein organic cofactors)
Term
denaturation
Definition
loss of shape and function due to heat or pH
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level
Term
nucleotides
Definition
building blocks of DNA and RNA
Term
sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base
Definition
nucleotides are made of what 3 things?
Term
messenger (mRNA), transfer (tRNA), ribosomal (rRNA)
Definition
3 types of RNA
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