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Ch 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
Anatomy & Physiology I
148
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/21/2017

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Term
cell theory
Definition
developed from Robert Hooke's research
Term
cells
Definition
smallest units that perform all vital psychological functions
Term
cells
Definition
building blocks of all plants and animals
Term
oocyte
Definition
female sex cell (develops into an egg)
Term
sperm
Definition
male sex cell
Term
sex cells (germ cells)
Definition
reproductive cells
Term
somatic cells
Definition
all body cells except sex cells
Term
extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)
Definition
watery medium surrounding cell (high sodium/low potassium)
Term
plasma membrane (cell membrane)
Definition
separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid
Term
lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
Definition
plasma membranes are made up of ____,_____ and ______.
Term
within the membrane
Definition
where are integral (transmembrane) proteins found?
Term
bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane
Definition
where are peripheral proteins found?
Term
anchoring proteins
Definition
attach to inside or outside structures (stabilizers)
Term
recognition proteins
Definition
label cells as normal or abnormal (identifiers)
Term
enzymes
Definition
catalyzes reactions
Term
receptor proteins
Definition
bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)
Term
carrier proteins
Definition
transports specific solutes through membrane
Term
channels
Definition
regulate water flow and solutes through membrane
Term
cytosol
Definition
intracellular fluid
Term
organelles
Definition
structures with specific functions
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
all materials inside cell and outside of nucleus
Term
non membranous organelles
Definition
no membrane, directort contact w/ cytosol
Term
non membranous organelles
Definition
cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, and ribosomes
Term
membranous organelles
Definition
covered w/ plasma membrane, isolated from cytosol
Term
membranous organelles
Definition
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
structural proteins for shape and strength
Term
thin microfilaments
Definition
composed of protein actin
Term
thick microfilaments
Definition
composed of protein myosin
Term
muscle contraction
Definition
thin and thick microfilaments work together in reference to __________
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
mid-sized between microfilaments and thick filaments
Term
miccrotubles
Definition
large, hollow tubes of tunulin protein
Term
microvilli
Definition
extension of membrane, increase surface area for absorbtion and attaches to cytoskeleon
Term
centrioles
Definition
______form spindle apparatus during cell division
Term
centrosome
Definition
cytoplasm surround centriole
Term
cilia
Definition
hairlike extensions of membrane (moves materials across cell surface)
Term
ribosomes
Definition
build polypeptides in protein synthesis
Term
ribosomes
Definition
found in nucleoli
Term
ribosomes
Definition
uses direction in mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins
Term
free and fixed
Definition
two types of ribosomes
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
free ribosomes found in ______
Term
ER
Definition
fixed ribosomes attached to the _____
Term
ER
Definition
synthesis (builds) proteins, carbs and lipids
Term
ER
Definition
storage of synthesized molecules and materials
Term
ER
Definition
detoxifies drugs or toxins
Term
golgi
Definition
system of flattened sacs (cistern)
Term
golgi
Definition
modifies and packages secretion (hormones/enzymes)
Term
golgi
Definition
renew/modifies plasma membrane
Term
golgi
Definition
packages special enzymes w/ vesicles for us in cytoplasm
Term
lysosomes
Definition
vesicles filled w/ digestive enzymes responsible for digestion of foreign material
Term
clean up inside cells and autolysis
Definition
2 functions of lysosomes
Term
break down large molecules, attack bacteria, recycle damaged organelle, eject wastes by exocytosis
Definition
How do lysosomes clean up inside cells?
Term
autolysis
Definition
self-destruction of damaged cells
Term
mitochondria
Definition
have smooth outer membrane and inner membrane w/ numerous folds (christie)
Term
matrix
Definition
fluid around cristae
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
produces the energy molecule ATP
Term
mitochondrial energy production
Definition
cellular respiration
Term
mitochondria
Definition
uses oxygen to break down food and produce ATP
Term
glycolysis
Definition
glucose to pyretic acid (in cytosol)
Term
citric acid cycle
Definition
pyretic acid to CO2 (in matrix)
Term
electron transport chain
Definition
inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
nucleus
Definition
largest organelle, cells control center
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
double membrane around nucleus
Term
perinuclear space
Definition
between two layers of nuclear envelope
Term
nuclear pores
Definition
communication passages in the nucleus
Term
DNA
Definition
all information to build and run organisms
Term
nucleoplasm
Definition
fluid contents of the nucleus
Term
nuclear matrix
Definition
network of fine filaments that provides structural support
Term
nucleoli
Definition
dark-staining areas where ribosomes are produced
Term
nucleosomes
Definition
DNA coiled around histones
Term
chromatic
Definition
loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)
Term
chromosomes
Definition
tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)
Term
DNA
Definition
instructions for every protein in the body
Term
gene
Definition
DNA instructions for one protein
Term
genetic code
Definition
chemical language of DNA instructions (A,T,C,G)
Term
3 bases= 1 amino acid
Definition
triplet code
Term
transcription
Definition
copies instructions from DNA to mRNA,RNA polymerase produces mRNA, mRNA migrates
Term
translation
Definition
steps from mRNA to poly peptide chain
Term
translation
Definition
ribosomes reads code from mRNA, tRNA delivers amino acids to ribosomes, assembles amino acids into polypeptide chains
Term
processing
Definition
RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and golgi produces protein
Term
impermeable
Definition
lets nothing in or out
Term
freely permeable
Definition
lets anything pass
Term
selectively permeable
Definition
restricts movement
Term
active transport
Definition
transport that requires energy and ATP
Term
passive transport
Definition
transport that does not require energy
Term
passive
Definition
is diffusion active or passive transport
Term
simple diffusion
Definition
materials that diffuse directly through the plasma membrane
Term
channel-mediated diffusion
Definition
water-soluble compounds and ions need protein channel to get through
Term
osmosis
Definition
diffusion of water
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
the force of a concentration gradient of water
Term
osmolarity
Definition
number osmoles/liter of solution
Term
tonicity
Definition
ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within the cell
Term
isotonic
Definition
a solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in and out of a cell
Term
hypotonic
Definition
has LESS solutes and LOSES water through osmosis
Term
hypertonic
Definition
has MORE solutes and GAINS water by osmosis
Term
gain water and rupture
Definition
a cell in a hypotonic solution will:
Term
lose water and shrink
Definition
a cell in a hypertonic solution will:
Term
hemolysis
Definition
rupturing of red blood cells
Term
crenation
Definition
shrinking of red blood cells
Term
carrier-mediated transport
Definition
intergral proteins bind specific ions or organic substrates and carry them across the plasma membrane
Term
specificity
Definition
solutes bind to a specific receptor site on carrier protein
Term
facilitated diffusion and active transport
Definition
types of carrier mediated transport
Term
cotransport
Definition
two substances move in the same direction at the same time
Term
countertransport
Definition
one substance moves in while another moves out
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins
Term
exchange pump
Definition
counter transports two ions at the same time
Term
active transport
Definition
moves substrates against concentration gradient
Term
sodium-potassium exchange pump
Definition
sodium ions out, potassium ions in
Term
sodium potassium exchange pump
Definition
1 ATP moves 3 Na+ and 2 K
Term
vesicular transport (bulk transport)
Definition
materials move into or out of cells in vesicles
Term
endocytosis
Definition
active transport using ATP
Term
receptor mediated, pinocytosis and phagocytosis
Definition
3 major types of endocytosis
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
cell drinking
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
cell eating
Term
exocytosis
Definition
granules or droplets are released from the cell
Term
transmembrane potential
Definition
unequal charge across the plasma membrane
Term
transmembrane potential
Definition
potential difference across a plasma membrane
Term
resting potential
Definition
the transmembrane potential in an undisturbed cell is called the ____________
Term
interphase
Definition
most of a cell's life is spent in a non dividing state called
Term
DNA replication, mitosis and cytokinesis
Definition
what are the 3 stages of body (somatic) cells dividing?
Term
DNA replication
Definition
duplicates genetic material exactly
Term
mitosis
Definition
divides genetic material equally
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
divides cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells
Term
helicases
Definition
unwinds the DNA strands
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
promotes bonding between the nitrogenous bases of DNA
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
links the nucleotides by covalent bonds
Term
ligases
Definition
pieces together sections of DNA during DNA replication
Term
interphase
Definition
the non dividing period
Term
G 0 phase
Definition
specialized cell functions only
Term
G 1 phase
Definition
cell growth, organelle duplication, protein synthesis
Term
S phase
Definition
DNA replication and histone synthesis
Term
G2 phase
Definition
finishes protein synthesis and centriole replication
Term
mitosis
Definition
cellular division
Term
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Definition
PMAT
Term
prophase
Definition
nucleoli dissappears
Term
prophase
Definition
centriole pairs move to cell poles
Term
prophase
Definition
microtubules extend between centriole pairs
Term
microtubules
Definition
spindle fibers
Term
prophase
Definition
nuclear envelope disappears
Term
prophase
Definition
spindle fiber attach to kinetochore
Term
kinetochore
Definition
protein bound area of the centromere
Term
metaphase
Definition
chromosomes align in a central (middle) plate
Term
anaphase
Definition
microtubules pull chromosomes apart
Term
anaphase
Definition
daughter chromosomes group near centrioles
Term
telophase
Definition
nuclear membranes re-form
Term
telophase
Definition
chromosomes uncoil
Term
telophase
Definition
nucleoli reappear
Term
telophase
Definition
cell has two complete nuclei
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
division of the cytoplasm
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