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Ch 2 Chemical Bases of Life
Chemical Bases of Life
58
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/06/2018

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Term
Matter
Definition
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Term
Elements
Definition
The simplest type of matter with certain chemical properties
Term
Atoms
Definition
The simplest particles of an element that have the same properties as that element
Term
Bulk Elements
Definition
Elements such as Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen that are required in large amounts
Term
Trace Elements
Definition
Elements that are required in small amounts
Term
Ultratrace Elements
Definition
Elements that are required in very minute amounts
Term
Proton
Definition
A positively charged subatomic particle that is located in the nucleus of the atom
Term
Neutron
Definition
A subatomic particle that contains no charge and is located in the nucleus of an atom
Term
Electron
Definition
A negatively charged subatomic particle that circles around the nucleus of an atom
Term
Nucleus (Atom)
Definition
The center of an atom that is comprised of protons and neutrons
Term
Atomic Weight
Definition
The number of protons and neutrons in present in an atom
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
The number of protons present in an atom
Term
Isotopes
Definition
An atom that has a different atomic weight due to the different number of neutrons
Term
Molecule
Definition
Two or more atoms that are chemically combined
Term
Compound
Definition
Two or more atoms of different elements that are chemically combined
Term
Molecular Formula
Definition
The elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecule
Term
Ion
Definition
An atom that has gained or lost an electron to become unstable and electrically charged
Term
Cation
Definition
A positively charged atom that has lost an electron
Term
Anion
Definition
A negatively charged atom that has gained an electron
Term
Chemical Bond
Definition
A bond that occurs when atoms combine
Term
Electron/Energy Shell
Definition
The orbiting pathways of electrons around an atom
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
The strongest chemical bond where atoms will share electrons
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
A decently strong chemical bond where the atoms will transfer electrons
Term
Hydrogen Bond
Definition
The weakest chemical bond that is polar and will always involve a Hydrogen atom
Term
Polar Molecules
Definition
A molecule where the chemical bonds have caused
Term
Structural Formula
Definition
A formula that explains how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules
Term
Single Bond
Definition
A bond created between two electrons
Term
Double Bond
Definition
A bond created between 4 electrons
Term
Mixture
Definition
A solution that consists of two or more components that are physically intermixed
Term
Solution
Definition
A type of mixture where the solute particles are tiny, don't settle out, or scatter light
Term
Colloid
Definition
A type of mixture where the solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light, but doesn't settle out
Term
Suspension
Definition
A type of mixture where the solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light
Term
Chemical Reaction
Definition
The forming or breaking of chemical bonds
Term
Reactant
Definition
The starting materials of a chemical reaction
Term
Product
Definition
The result of a chemical reaction
Term
Synthesis Reaction
Definition
A reaction that forms a product with a more complex chemical structure than the reactant
Term
Decomposition Reaction
Definition
A reaction that forms a product or products with a simpler chemical structure than the reactant
Term
Exchange Reaction
Definition
A reaction where the chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed
Term
Reversible Reaction
Definition
A reaction where the products can change back to the reactants
Term
Exergonic Reaction
Definition
A reaction that will give off energy
Term
Endergonic Reaction
Definition
A reaction that will take up and store energy
Term
Electrolyte
Definition
A substance that can conduct electrical currents and release ions in water
Term
Acid
Definition
A substance that will release hydrogen ions in water
Term
Base
Definition
A substance that will release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions in water
Term
Salt
Definition
Substances that are formed by the reaction between an acid and a base
Term
Neutralization Reaction
Definition
A reaction that occurs when an acid and a base are mixed together
Term
Acidosis
Definition
A disorder that occurs when the blood pH drops to 7.3 - 7.0
Term
Alkalosis
Definition
A disorder that occurs when the blood pH rises to 7.5-7.8
Term
Peptide Bond
Definition
The chemical bonds that holds Amino Acids together
Term
Enzyme
Definition
A type of protein that will help speed up chemical reactions
Term
Solvent
Definition
The substance that is present in the greatest amount in a mixture
Term
Solute
Definition
The substance that is dissolved in the solvent to create a mixture
Term
Substrate
Definition
Substances that will attach to an enzyme's Activation Site so that it can undergo a chemical reaction
Term
Active/Activation Site
Definition
A place on the enzyme that has a unique shape so that it can accept a very specific substrate
Term
Denaturation
Definition
The inactivation of a protein by changing the shape through various means
Term
Metabolic Pathway
Definition
A series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to the formation of a prodcut
Term
Cofactor
Definition
A substance that can help fold an enzyme's activation site into the proper shape or help bind the enzyme to the substrate
Term
Coenzyme
Definition
An organic molecule that acts as a cofactor
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