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Ch 22
ch 22
46
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
07/27/2014

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Term
The sum of all the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
Definition
Metabolism
Term
Identify 3 reasons that cells synthesize new organic components
Definition
performance of structural maintenance and repairs, support of growth, production of secretions, building of nutrient reserves
Term
The ____ begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid
Definition
TCA Cycle
Term
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
Definition
the citric acid cycle
Term
____ is found on the inner mitochondrial membrane (the cristae).
Definition
Cytochrome
Term
Reaction within ______ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
The function of the ____ is to remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
Definition
Citric acid cycle
Term
Poisons like cyanide bind to______ and prevent electron transfer.
Definition
Cytochromes
Term
Cells perform catabolism to generate ______, which can be used for a variety of things such as muscle contraction and protein synthesis.
Definition
ATP
Term
In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the movement of_____ through channels in the ______
Definition
Hydrogen ions; inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
_____ created 90 percent of the ATP normally generated.
Definition
Oxidative phosphorylation
Term
Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ____ yields energy the quickest.
Definition
Glucose
Term
The largest lipoproteins,_____ are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food.
Definition
Chylomicrons
Term
_____ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
Definition
High-density lipoproteins
Term
____ are lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream.
Definition
HDLs
Term
___ provide energy for cells with modest energy demands like resting skeletal muscle.
Definition
Lipids
Term
In the human body, _____ is important because it is a lipid component of all cell membranes and is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3 among other roles.
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
What effect on the body would a drug that blocks the action of lipoprotein lipase have?
Definition
Raise blood levels of VLDLs
Term
During______ triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
Definition
Lipolysis
Term
Where in the cell does beta-oxidation occur?**
Definition
mitochondrial matrix
Term
What is the purpose of beta-oxidation?**
Definition
fatty acid break down into two-carbon fragments that enter the TCA cycle, it yields large amounts of ATP, it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD
Term
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of_____ fatty acids.
Definition
Omega
Term
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are_____
Definition
Fats
Term
In transamination, the amino group of amino acid is _______ yielding a different amino acid. **
Definition
Transferred to another molecule
Term
The conversation of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces______
Definition
urea
Term
Urea is formed in the _______
Definition
liver
Term
During______state,the liver forms glycogen and insulin levels are elevated.
Definition
absorptive
Term
All of the following occur during the ____ state, glycogen is broken down into glucose and gluconeogenesis occur in the liver.
Definition
postabsorptive
Term
During the _____ state the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting it energy demands.
Definition
postabsorptive
Term
Which hormone complements the actions of glucocorticoids?
Definition
Growth hormones
Term
Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe____ levels of glucocorticoids, _____ in his urine,____ blood pH
Definition
elevated; Keytones; decreases
Term
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin______.
Definition
D
Term
A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which disorder?
Definition
Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
Term
Deficiency in vitamin C can result in a condition called?
Definition
Scuvy
Term
The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is?
Definition
Thiamin
Term
A disorder aused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as?
Definition
Hypervitaminosis
Term
Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin_____ in the body?
Definition
D
Term
Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with absorption of _____
Definition
vitamin A
Term
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as?
Definition
Gout
Term
Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ____ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual?
Definition
20%
Term
On a tour of Afican countries, Don contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he cant eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. this would result in____?
Definition
increased gluconeogenesis in the liver
Term
___ are lipoproteins that are formed within the intestinal epithelium to transfer dietary fats into circulation.
Definition
Chylomicrons
Term
Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called?
Definition
Essential fatty acids
Term
Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissue are called?
Definition
low-density lipoproteins
Term
Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?
Definition
The citric acid reaction sequence is a cycle because the 4-carbon starting compound (oxaloacetic acid) is regenerated at the end. Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid begin the cycle by combining to form citric acid, and then in a series of steps CO2, NADH,ATP, and FADH2 are released and oxaloacetic acid is regenerated to begin the cycle again.
Term
Ketosis develops in the postabsorptive state? What is Ketosis? Why does it develop? What metabolic effects does it have?
Definition
Ketosis develops when levels of ketones in blood increase. Ketones formed when glycogen stores in the body run out.
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