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ch.2
studying for exam 1
122
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/16/2010

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Term
matter
Definition
STUFF of the universe. anything that occupies space and has mass
Term
what are the states of matter?
Definition

solid

liquid

gas

Term
solid
Definition
bone and teeth; definite shape and volume
Term
liquid
Definition
blood plasma; definite shape
Term
gas
Definition
no definite shape or volume
Term
energy
Definition
the capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
energy in action; constant movement of the tiniest particles of matter and as well as in larger objects
Term
potential energy
Definition
stored energy; inactive energy that has the potential to do work but is not presently doing so
Term
chemical energy
Definition
form stored in the bonds of chemical substances; rearrange atoms of the chemicals in a certain way
Term
electrical energy
Definition
form the movement of charged particles; found in the flow of electrons along the household wiring
Term
mechanical energy
Definition
directly involved in moving matter
Term
radiant or electromagnetic energy
Definition
energy that travels in waves
Term
elements
Definition
unique substances that CANNOT be broken down into simpler substances
Term
periodic table
Definition
provides a more complete listing of the known elements
Term
atoms
Definition
each element composed of more or less identical particles, BUILDING BLOCKS
Term
atomic symbol
Definition
first letter(s) of the elements name
Term
nucleus
Definition
contains protons and neutrons tighty bound together
Term
protons
Definition
positive electrical charge
Term
neutrons
Definition
neutral charge
Term
atomic mass unit
Definition
protons and neutrons have the same mass
Term
chemistry
Definition
study of structure and interactions of matter
Term
electrons
Definition
negative charge equal in strength as the proton
Term
planetary model
Definition
simplified model of atomic structure
Term
orbitals
Definition
regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time
Term
orbital model
Definition
modern model of atomic structure; predicting chemical behavior of atoms
Term
atomic number
Definition
any atom is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus and is written as a subscript to the left of its atomic symbol
Term
mass number
Definition
an atom in the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons
Term
isotopes
Definition
elements have two or more structure variations; same number of protons
Term
atomic weight
Definition
average of the relative weights (mass number) of all the isotopes of an element
Term
radioisotopes
Definition
isotopes that exhibit the radioactivity behavior
Term
compound
Definition
two or more DIFFERENT kinds of atoms bind
Term
molecules
Definition
two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Term
mixtures
Definition
two or more components physically intermixed; solutions, colloids, and suspensions
Term
solutions
Definition
homegeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids
Term
solvent
Definition
substances present in the greatest amount; usually liquid
Term
solute
Definition
smaller amounts
Term
percent
Definition
parts per 100 parts of the solute in the total solution
Term
molarity
Definition
moles per liter; concentration of a solution
Term
mole/ molecular weight
Definition
any element or compound is equal to its atomic weight
Term
avogadros number
Definition
one mole contains exactly the same number of solute particles; 6.02*10^23
Term
colloids
Definition
emulsions, heterogeneous mixtures
Term
sol-gel transformation
Definition
change reversibility from a fluid state to a more solid state
Term
suspension
Definition

heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.

ex. mixtures of sand and water

Term
chemical bond
Definition
energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms and its made or broken in less than a trillionth of a second
Term
electron shell
Definition
electrons forming the electron cloud around the nucleus of an atom occupy regions of space
Term
energy level
Definition
each electron shell represents a different level
Term
valence shell
Definition
indicates an atoms outermost energy level or that portions of its containing the electrons that are chemically reactive 
Term
octet rule
Definition
(rule of eights) two electrons, atoms tend to interact in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell
Term
ions
Definition
charge is LOST or GAINED. ionization. lost=positive gained=negative
Term
ionic bond
Definition
chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other
Term
anion
Definition
net NEGATIVE charge
Term
cation
Definition
net POSITIVE charge
Term
crystals
Definition
large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds
Term
covalent bond
Definition
electron sharing produces molecules in which the shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms
Term
chemical elements
Definition
a chemical that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
Term
nonpolar molecules
Definition
electrically balanced (dont have separate - and + poles of charge)
Term
polar molecule
Definition
unequal pair sharing
Term
electronegativity
Definition
small atoms with SIX or SEVEN valence shell electrons, such as oxgen; nitrogen and chlorine are electron hungry and ATTRACT electrons very strongly
Term
electropositive
Definition
most atoms with only one or two valence shell electrons
Term
dipole
Definition
water has two poles of charge it is also referred to as POLAR MOLECULE
Term
hydrogen bonds
Definition
form when a hydrogen atom, already covalently linked to one electronegative atom (usually nitrogen or oxygen) is attracted by another electron-hungry atom so that a "bridge" forms between them
Term
chemical reaction
Definition
occurs whenver chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
Term
chemical equation
Definition

indicate the joining of two hydrogen atoms to form hydrogen gas

ex. H+H-->H2

Term
chemical bonds
Definition
ionic, covalent, or hydrogen. created by electron sharing between atoms
Term
ionic
Definition
"opposite attract"; GIVE AWAY; (-) charge
Term
covalent
Definition
SHARED electrons
Term
hydrogen
Definition
cohesive; 3D; high surface tension
Term
reactants
Definition
number and kinds of reacting substances also reversable
Term
product
Definition
balanced equations; the relative proportion of each reactant and product
Term
molecular formula
Definition
the product in each case
Term
synthesis or combination reaction
Definition

when atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule

ex. A+B--->AB

Term
anabolic
Definition
energy-requiring which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substance
Term
decomposition reactions
Definition

occurs when molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atom

ex.AB--->A+B

Term
catabolic
Definition
process which living cells break down substances into simpler substances
Term
exchange or displacement reaction
Definition

involve both synthesis and decomposition. bonds are both made and broken.

ex. CD---> AC+BD

Term
oxidation-reduction reactions
Definition
decomposition reactions basis of all reactions which food fuels are broken down for energy
Term
oxidized
Definition
reactant losing the electrons as to the electron donor
Term
reduced
Definition
reactant taking up the transferred electrons to electron acceptor
Term
exergonic
Definition
release energy; catabolic
Term
endergonic
Definition
products contain more potential energy than did reactants; anabolic
Term
inorganic compound
Definition

water,salts,many acids and bases

DO NOT contain carbon

Term
organic compound
Definition

carbohydrates,fats,proteins&nucleic acids

contain carbon,usually large and are covalently bonded

Term
what are the factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions?
Definition

temperature

concentration

particle size

catalysts

Term
what are the properties that make water so vital to life?
Definition

high heat capacity

high heat of vaporization

polar solvent properties

reactivity

cushioning

Term
salt
Definition
is an ionic compoud containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion OH-
Term
electrolytes
Definition
substances that conduct an electrical current in solution
Term
acids
Definition
have a sour taste; releases HYDROGEN IONS H+
Term
bases
Definition
bitter taste; PROTON ACCEPTORS; HYDROXYL ions OH-
Term
neutralization reactions
Definition
ph level is at 7
Term
buffers
Definition
homeostasis of acid-base balance is carefully regulated by the kidneys and lungs and by chemical systems
Term
what are the molecules unique to living systems?
Definition
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Term
polymers
Definition
chainlike molecules made of many similar or repeating units
Term
monomers
Definition
joined together by dehydration synthesis; a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
a group of molecules that includes sugars and starches
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
simple sugars; SINGLE chain or single ring structures containing from three to seven carbon atoms
Term
disaccharides
Definition
double sugar; formed when TWO monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
polymers of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis.
Term
lipids
Definition
insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids and in organic solvents such as alcohol and ether
Term
triglycerides(neutral fats)
Definition
commonly known as FATS when solid or OILS when liquid
Term
what two types of building blocks are triglycerides composed of?
Definition

fatty acids

glycerol

Term
saturated
Definition
fatty acid chains with only SINGLE covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Term
unsaturated
Definition
fatty acids that contain one or MORE DOUBLE  bonds between carbon atoms
Term
phospholipids
Definition
midified triglycerides; they are diglycerides with a phosporus containing group and two fatty acid chains
Term
steriods
Definition
flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
Term
eicosanoids
Definition
are diverse lipids chiefly derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes
Term
protein
Definition
composes 10-30% of cell mass and is the basic structural material of the body
Term
peptide bond
Definition
resulting bond produces a characteristic arrangement of linked atoms
Term
macromolecules
Definition
large,complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 amino acids
Term
what are the structural levels of proteins?
Definition

primary-resembles a strand of amino acid;backbone of the protein molecule

secondary-alpha helix is SLINKY and beta-pleated sheath that is flat

tertiary-folded up to form one bond

quaternary-two or more polypeptde chains

Term
fibrous proteins
Definition
extended and strandlike. ex. collagen
Term
structural proteins
Definition
cheif building materials of the body
Term
globular proteins
Definition
compact, sherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure
Term
functional proteins
Definition
regulate growth and development and still others are catalysts that oversee just about every chemical reaction in the body
Term
molecular chaperones
Definition
help proteins to achieve their functional three dimensional structure
Term
enzymes
Definition

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts.

 

catalysts are substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions

Term
activation energy
Definition
amount of energy needed to brteak the bonds of the reactants so that they can rearrange themselves and become the product
Term
nucleic acids
Definition

dna and rna

largest molecules

made up of nitrogenous bases, phosphate groups and pentose sugar

nitrogenous base=A C G T

Term
DNA
Definition

A G C T

double-stranded helical molecule in the cell nucleus

provides instructions for protein synthesis

replicates before cell division, ensuring genetic continuity

ex. deoxyribose

Term
RNA
Definition

A G C U

single stranded molecule mostly active outside the nucleus

3 varieties of RNA carry out the DNA orders for protein synthesis

messenger RNA to transfer RNA and Ribosomal RNA

Term
ATP
Definition
primary energy transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells
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