Term
|
Definition
| STUFF of the universe. anything that occupies space and has mass |
|
|
Term
| what are the states of matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone and teeth; definite shape and volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood plasma; definite shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no definite shape or volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy in action; constant movement of the tiniest particles of matter and as well as in larger objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stored energy; inactive energy that has the potential to do work but is not presently doing so |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form stored in the bonds of chemical substances; rearrange atoms of the chemicals in a certain way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form the movement of charged particles; found in the flow of electrons along the household wiring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directly involved in moving matter |
|
|
Term
| radiant or electromagnetic energy |
|
Definition
| energy that travels in waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unique substances that CANNOT be broken down into simpler substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides a more complete listing of the known elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each element composed of more or less identical particles, BUILDING BLOCKS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first letter(s) of the elements name |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains protons and neutrons tighty bound together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive electrical charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protons and neutrons have the same mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of structure and interactions of matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negative charge equal in strength as the proton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simplified model of atomic structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modern model of atomic structure; predicting chemical behavior of atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any atom is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus and is written as a subscript to the left of its atomic symbol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an atom in the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elements have two or more structure variations; same number of protons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| average of the relative weights (mass number) of all the isotopes of an element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isotopes that exhibit the radioactivity behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more DIFFERENT kinds of atoms bind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more components physically intermixed; solutions, colloids, and suspensions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homegeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances present in the greatest amount; usually liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parts per 100 parts of the solute in the total solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moles per liter; concentration of a solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any element or compound is equal to its atomic weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one mole contains exactly the same number of solute particles; 6.02*10^23 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emulsions, heterogeneous mixtures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change reversibility from a fluid state to a more solid state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.
ex. mixtures of sand and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms and its made or broken in less than a trillionth of a second |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrons forming the electron cloud around the nucleus of an atom occupy regions of space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each electron shell represents a different level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates an atoms outermost energy level or that portions of its containing the electrons that are chemically reactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (rule of eights) two electrons, atoms tend to interact in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| charge is LOST or GAINED. ionization. lost=positive gained=negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electron sharing produces molecules in which the shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrically balanced (dont have separate - and + poles of charge) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small atoms with SIX or SEVEN valence shell electrons, such as oxgen; nitrogen and chlorine are electron hungry and ATTRACT electrons very strongly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most atoms with only one or two valence shell electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water has two poles of charge it is also referred to as POLAR MOLECULE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form when a hydrogen atom, already covalently linked to one electronegative atom (usually nitrogen or oxygen) is attracted by another electron-hungry atom so that a "bridge" forms between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs whenver chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indicate the joining of two hydrogen atoms to form hydrogen gas
ex. H+H-->H2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ionic, covalent, or hydrogen. created by electron sharing between atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "opposite attract"; GIVE AWAY; (-) charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cohesive; 3D; high surface tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number and kinds of reacting substances also reversable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| balanced equations; the relative proportion of each reactant and product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| synthesis or combination reaction |
|
Definition
when atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule
ex. A+B--->AB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy-requiring which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs when molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atom
ex.AB--->A+B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process which living cells break down substances into simpler substances |
|
|
Term
| exchange or displacement reaction |
|
Definition
involve both synthesis and decomposition. bonds are both made and broken.
ex. CD---> AC+BD |
|
|
Term
| oxidation-reduction reactions |
|
Definition
| decomposition reactions basis of all reactions which food fuels are broken down for energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactant losing the electrons as to the electron donor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactant taking up the transferred electrons to electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release energy; catabolic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| products contain more potential energy than did reactants; anabolic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water,salts,many acids and bases
DO NOT contain carbon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carbohydrates,fats,proteins&nucleic acids
contain carbon,usually large and are covalently bonded |
|
|
Term
| what are the factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions? |
|
Definition
temperature
concentration
particle size
catalysts |
|
|
Term
| what are the properties that make water so vital to life? |
|
Definition
high heat capacity
high heat of vaporization
polar solvent properties
reactivity
cushioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an ionic compoud containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion OH- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that conduct an electrical current in solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a sour taste; releases HYDROGEN IONS H+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bitter taste; PROTON ACCEPTORS; HYDROXYL ions OH- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homeostasis of acid-base balance is carefully regulated by the kidneys and lungs and by chemical systems |
|
|
Term
| what are the molecules unique to living systems? |
|
Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chainlike molecules made of many similar or repeating units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joined together by dehydration synthesis; a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of molecules that includes sugars and starches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple sugars; SINGLE chain or single ring structures containing from three to seven carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double sugar; formed when TWO monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymers of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids and in organic solvents such as alcohol and ether |
|
|
Term
| triglycerides(neutral fats) |
|
Definition
| commonly known as FATS when solid or OILS when liquid |
|
|
Term
| what two types of building blocks are triglycerides composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatty acid chains with only SINGLE covalent bonds between carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatty acids that contain one or MORE DOUBLE bonds between carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| midified triglycerides; they are diglycerides with a phosporus containing group and two fatty acid chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are diverse lipids chiefly derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composes 10-30% of cell mass and is the basic structural material of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resulting bond produces a characteristic arrangement of linked atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large,complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what are the structural levels of proteins? |
|
Definition
primary-resembles a strand of amino acid;backbone of the protein molecule
secondary-alpha helix is SLINKY and beta-pleated sheath that is flat
tertiary-folded up to form one bond
quaternary-two or more polypeptde chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extended and strandlike. ex. collagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cheif building materials of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compact, sherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulate growth and development and still others are catalysts that oversee just about every chemical reaction in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help proteins to achieve their functional three dimensional structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
globular proteins that act as biological catalysts.
catalysts are substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of energy needed to brteak the bonds of the reactants so that they can rearrange themselves and become the product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dna and rna
largest molecules
made up of nitrogenous bases, phosphate groups and pentose sugar
nitrogenous base=A C G T |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A G C T
double-stranded helical molecule in the cell nucleus
provides instructions for protein synthesis
replicates before cell division, ensuring genetic continuity
ex. deoxyribose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A G C U
single stranded molecule mostly active outside the nucleus
3 varieties of RNA carry out the DNA orders for protein synthesis
messenger RNA to transfer RNA and Ribosomal RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary energy transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells |
|
|
