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ch 2-1
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36
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/18/2011

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Term
lesser elements of the human body
Definition
-3.9% or body mass
-Ca,P,K,S,Na, Cl, Mg, I, and FE
Term
trace elements of body
Definition
< 0.01% of body mass:
Part of enzymes, e.g., chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn
Term
atomic structure
Definition
determined by numbers of subatomic particles
Term
neutrons
Definition
no charge, 1 amu, in nucleus
Term
protons
Definition
positive, 1 amu, in nucleus
Term
electrons
Definition
orbit, nucleus, equal to number of protons in atom, negative charge
Term
models of the atom
Definition
orbital model-current model used by chemis, useful for predicting the chemical behavior of atoms
Planetary model—oversimplified, outdated model
Incorrectly depicts fixed circular electron paths
Term
identifying elements
Definition
different atoms contain different numbers of subatomic particles, atomic number=number of protons in nucleus
Term
mass number
Definition
number of protons and electrons in an atom
Term
isotopes
Definition
structural variations of elements that differ in the number of neutrons they contain
Term
atomic weight
Definition
average of mass numbers of all isotopes
Term
radioisotopes
Definition
Radioisotopes are heavier, unstable isotopes of an element that decompose to more stable forms
Spontaneous decay (radioactivity)
Similar chemistry to stable isotopes
Can be detected with scanners
Term
molecule
Definition
two or more atoms bonded together (h2)
Term
Compound
Definition
two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together, can be separated only by breaking bonds, all are homogeneous
Term
mixture
Definition
two or more components physically intermixed (sugar water), no chemical bonding between components, can be seperated physically
Term
solutions
Definition
homogeneous mixture, usually transparent
solvent-present in greatest amoung, usually a liquid
solute-present in smaller amounts
Term
concentrations of solutions
Definition
expresend as percent, milligrams, molarity
Term
mole
Definition
1 mole=atomic weight of an element of molecular weight of a compound in grams. i mole of any substance containcs 6.02 x 10^23 molecules (Avogadros number)
Term
colloids
Definition
emulsions
heterogeneous translucent mixtures (cytosol), large solute particles that do not settle ou
Term
suspensions
Definition
heterogeneous mixtures (blood)
large visible solutes tent to settle out (sand and water)
Term
types of chemical bonds
Definition
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
Term
chemical bond
Definition
Chemical bonds are energy relationships between valence shell electrons of the reacting atoms
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
formed by the sharing of two or more electrons, single double and triple covalent bonds
Term
nonpolar molecules
Definition
electrons shared equally between atoms
Term
polar molecules
Definition
unequal sharing of electrons produces polar molecules
Term
chemical reactions
Definition
occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken, represented as chemical equations which contain molecular formula for each reactant and relative amounts of reactants and products which should balance
Term
patterns of chemical reactions
Definition
synthesis, decomposition, exchange ab+c=ac+b
Term
synthesis
Definition
a+b -> ab, anabolic, always involve in bond formation
Term
decomposition
Definition
ab->a+b, catabolic, involve in breaking of bonds, reverse synthesis
Term
exchange
Definition
ab+c->ac+b, also called displacement reactions, bonds are both made and broken
Term
oxidation-reduction reactions
Definition
reactions in which fuel in broken down for energy, electron donors lose electrons and are oxideized, electron acceptors recieve electrons and become reduced.
Term
exergonic
Definition
release energy
Term
endogenic
Definition
????
Term
sidenote
Definition
chemical reactions are reverisble, many biolgical reactions are essentially irreverisble due to energy requirements and removal or products
Term
what influeces rate of reaction
Definition
temperature, particle size, and concentration of reactant
Term
catalysts
Definition
increase rate of reactin without being chemically changed, enzymes are biological catalysts
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