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Ch 18
hormone
11
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/10/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Endocrine glands/endocrine cells
Definition
  • pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal gland (cortex and medulla)
  • pancreas, thymus, gonads, hypothalamus 
Term
Mechanisms of hormone release
Definition
  • Humoral: response to changing of ions or nutrients
  • Neural: stimulation by nerves
  • Hormonal: stimulation from other hormones 
Term
Endocrine System General Characteristics
Definition
  • system of ductless glands that secrete hormones
  • hormones are messenger molecules
  • circulate in blood (exceptions paracrine, autocrine)
  • act on target cells (exceptions paracrine, autocrine)
  • target cells respond to hormones for which they have receptors 
  • the effects are dependant on the programmed response of the target cells
  • hormones are just molecular triggers 
Term
Lipid Soluble hormones
Definition
  • are helpful because can easily pass through the membrane
  • steriods (synthesized from cholesterol)-released by reproductive organs
  • thyroid hormones
  • nitric oxides (gas)-both hormone and neurotransmitter 
Term
Water Soluble Hormones
Definition
  • Amines (released by adrenal medulla, thyroid, pineal gland)
  • peptide hormones (largest class hormones secreted by hypothalamus, pituitary gland, heart, thymus, digestive tract, pancreas)
  • eicosanoids-open 5 C ring-derived from 20 fatty acid- prostaglandins and leukotriene’s, important paracrine factors
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Term
Mechanisms of hormone action
Definition
  • for hormone to affect target cell, it must first interact with appropriate receptor
  • hormone receptors may be on cell membrane or inside cell
  • water sol hormones-cannot penetrate cell membrane: receptors found on cell membranes
  • lipid sol hormones pass into cell and bind to receptor in cell nucleus 
  • binding of hormones to receptors may lead to release of many 2nd messengers (called amplification) 
Term
Mechanism of water sol hormone action
Definition
  • hormone (1st messanger) released from endocrine gland->bloodstream
  • travels through body, passes out of capillary and binds to appropriate receptor 
  • receptor binding induces apperance/action of a 2nd messenger which includes enzyme activators, inhibitors, or cofactors
Term
Most important second  messengers
Definition
  • cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, and calcium ions
Term
G protein
Definition
  • common link between  between 1st  and 2nd messengers
  •  an integral membrane protein that interacts with the membrane receptor

     

Term
amplification
Definition
  • binding of hormones to receptors may lead to release of thousands of 2nd messengers 
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