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Ch 1
orientation, terminology, tissue
161
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/20/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
contains collagenous fibers, providing the cushion between the vertebrae of the spinal column as well as the mating surface for the temporomandibular joint between the lower jaw and the skull.
Term
Yellow (elastic) cartilage
Definition
less collagen endowed rather with elastic fibers, it is found in the pinna, nose and epiglotis
Term
blood
Definition
the fluid component of blood is called plasma and blood cells are suspended in this matrix (making it a connective tissue)
Term
bone
Definition
the hardest connective tissue
Term
compact bone
Definition
characterized microscopically by its lamellar or sheetlike structure
Term
spongy bone
Definition
contains the marrow that produces red and white blood cells as well as the blood plasma matrix
Term
Fibroblasts
Definition
responsible for production of the extracellular matrix, so are able to synthesize and secrete protein and wound repair
Term
Macrophages
Definition
important class of healing connective tissue. responsible for the collection of waste or necrotic (dead) tissue.
Term
B-Lymphocytes
Definition
arise from bone marrow and are stimulated to proliferate within lymph tissue by the presence of foreign matter. generate and secrete antibodies to defend against the viral attack
Term

T- lymphocytes

 

Definition
arise from bone marrow but end up in thymus, proliferation is stimulated by viruses and their job is to seek and destroy viral agents.
Term
mast cells
Definition
found in loose connective tissues and some organs. provide "first response" to irritation and inflammtion.
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
specialized contractile tissue
Term

Striated muscle

(skeletal muscle), (voluntary) (somatic)

Definition
striped appearance on microscopic examination, it is the muscle used to move skeletal structures, can be moved in response to conscious, voluntary processes
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
includes a muscular tissue of the digestive tract and blood vessels, sheetlike with spindle-shaped cells. outside of voluntary control.
Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition
composed of cells that interconnect in a net-like fashion, outside of voluntary control
Term
Nervous tissue
Definition
highly specialized communicative tissue, consists of neurons. supposed to transmit information from one neuron to another, from neruons to muscles of from sensory receptors to other neural structures
Term
organs
Definition
tissue of the body with functional utility
Term
Fascia
Definition
surrounds organs, being a sheetlike membrane that may be either dense of filmy, thin or thick
Term
Perimysium
Definition
the sheath surrounding muscle bundles
Term
Ligament
Definition
fibrous connective tissue connecting bones or cartilage
Term
visceral ligament
Definition
bind organs together or hold structures in place
Term
skeletal ligaments
Definition
bind bone to bone
Term
Tendons
Definition
provide a means of attaching muscle to bone or cartilage
Term
morphology
Definition

study of the form of a structure without regard to function

 

Term
aponeurosis
Definition
when the tendon is sheetlike.
Term
articulation
Definition
joining between bones
Term
fibroblasts
Definition
germinal cell of connective tissue
Term
joint
Definition
articulation
Term
diarthrodial
Definition
the class of joints of the skeletal system that permits maximum mobility
Term
amphiarthrodial
Definition
the class of joints of the skeletal system that permit limited movement
Term
synarthrodial
Definition
The class of joints of the skeletal system that permit no movement
Term
Fibrous joints
Definition
joints that are connected by fibrous tissue
Term
cartilaginous joints
Definition
joints in which cartilage serves to connect two bones
Term
synovial joints
Definition
a type of diarthrodial joint that has encapsulated fluid as a cushion
Term
Fibrous joints
Definition
syndesmosis and sutures
Term
syndesmosis
Definition
joints are bound by fibrous ligaments but have little movement
Term
sutures
Definition
joints between bones of the skull that are not intended to move at all
Term
serrate/dentate suture
Definition
gains its strength from the jagged edge that mates the 2 bones together. usually between two parietal bones,
Term
squamous suture
Definition
two mating bones actually overlap in a "keying" formation
Term
gomphosis
Definition
hole-and-peg arrangement, (a socket and tooth is on such joint)
Term
plane joint
Definition
simply the direct union of two edges of bone.
Term
cartilaginous joints
Definition
joint in which cartilage serves to connect to bones.
Term
synchondrosis
Definition
the cartilaginous union is maintained as in the junction of the manubrium sterni and the corpus sterni
Term
symphysis
Definition
found between the pubic bones or between the disks of the vertebral column
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
the fluid within a synovial joint
Term
synovial joint
Definition
joint that includes some form of joint cavity within synovial fluid is found.
Term
articular capsule
Definition
the fibrous connective tissue covering of a synovial joint
Term
plane synovial joints
Definition
gliding joints, those in which the mating surfaces of the bone are more or less flat
Term
spheroid or ctyloid joints
Definition
reciprocal in nature, one member of the union has a convex portion that mates with a concave portion of the other member
Term
condylar joint
Definition
a shallow ball-and-socket joint with limited mobility
Term
ellipsoid joint
Definition
a shallow ball-and-socket joint in which the convex and concave elements are elliptical in shape
Term
trochoid joint (pivot joint)
Definition
a joint consisting of a process and fossa permiting only rotation
Term
Sellar joint (saddle joint)
Definition
one member of the saddle joint is convex like a saddle while the other concave member "sits" on the saddle.
Term
hinge joint
Definition
a joint that acts like a hinge, permitting only flexion and extension
Term
ginglymus
Definition
hinge
Term
epimysium
Definition
sheath of connective tissue around skeletal muscle
Term
origin
Definition
the point of attachment of the least mobile element
Term

insertion

Definition
the point of attachment that moves as a result of muscle contraction
Term
agonists
Definition
muscle contacted for purpose of a specific motor act
Term
antagonist
Definition
a muscle that opposrs the contraction of another muscle
Term
synergists
Definition
muscles that stabilize structures
Term
innervated
Definition
stimulation by means of a nerve
Term
afferent
Definition
carrying toward a central location; generally sensory nerve impulses
Term
efferent
Definition
carrying away from a central point
Term
motor unit
Definition
consists of one efferent nerve fiber and the muscle fibers to which it attaches
Term
system
Definition
a functionally defined group of organs
Term
muscular system
Definition
the anatomical system that includes smooth, striated, and cariac muscle
Term
skeletal system
Definition
the anatomical system that includes the bones and cartilages that make up the body
Term
respiratory system
Definition
the physical system involved in respiration including lungs, bronchial, passageway, trachea, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity.
Term

digestive system

 

Definition
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, intestines, and associated glands.
Term
endocrine system
Definition
production and dissemination of hormones so it includes glands such as the thyroid gland, testes, and ovries
Term
nervous system
Definition
includes the nerve tissue and structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems that are responsible for muscle control and sensory function
Term
phonatory system
Definition
the system including the laryngeal structures through which phonation is achieved
Term

articulatory system

Definition
in speech science, the system of structures involved in shaping the oral cavity for production of the sounds of speech
Term
resonatory system
Definition
the portion of the vocal tract through which the acoustical product of vocal fold vibration resonates (usually the oral, pharyngeal, and nasal cavities combined; sometimes referring only to the nasal cavities and nasopharynx
Term
anatomy
Definition
the study of the structure of an organism
Term
physiology
Definition
the study of the function of the living organisms and its parts as well as the chemical process involved
Term
applied/clinical anatomy
Definition
the application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of disease particularly as it relates to surgical procedure
Term
descrpitive/systematic anatomy
Definition
description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease condition the body is a composite of systems that function together
Term
gross anatomy
Definition
studies structures visible with out the aide of microscopy
Term
micrscopic anatomy
Definition
examines structures not visible to the naked eye
Term
surface anatomy
Definition
study of the form and structures of the surface of the body especially with reference to the organs beneath the surface
Term
developmental anatomy
Definition
the development of the organisms from conception to adulthood
Term
pathological anatomy
Definition
study of parts of the body with respect to the pathological entity
Term
comparative anatomy
Definition
study of homologous structures of different animals
Term
electrophysiological
Definition
the study of electrical phenomena associated with cellular physiology
Term
evoked auditory potentials
Definition
auditory electrophysiological procedures that measure the electrical activity of the brain caused by auditory stimuli
Term
respiratory physiology
Definition
concerned with all processes involved in breathing
Term
cytology
Definition
the discipline that examines structure and function of cells
Term
histology
Definition
the microscopic study of cells and tissues
Term
oestology
Definition
the study of structure and function of bones
Term
myology
Definition
examines muscle form and function
Term
arthrology
Definition
studies the joints that unite the bones
Term
angiology
Definition
the study of blood vessels and the lymphatic system
Term
neurology
Definition
study of the nervous system
Term
thorax
Definition
chest region
Term
abdomen
Definition
region represented externally as the anterior abdominal wall
Term
trunk/ torso
Definition
is made up of the thorax and abdomen
Term
dorsal trunk
Definition

the back

 

Term
pelvis
Definition
the area of the hip bones
Term
caput
Definition
the head
Term
2 components of the skull
Definition
cranial portion, facial part
Term
cranial portion
Definition
part of the skull that houses the brain and its components
Term
facial part
Definition
part of the skull that houses the mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity and structures related to the upper airway and mastication
Term
upper extremity
Definition
the arms- shouler to elbow
Term
lower extremity
Definition
thigh, leg, ankle, and foot
Term
anatomical postion
Definition
the body is erect and the palms, arms and hands, face forward
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
head and trunk, spinal column is the axis
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
includes the upper and lower limbs
Term
neuraxis /axis of the brain
Definition
the axis of the nervous system representing the embryonic brain axis
Term
frontal section
Definition
divides the body into front and back halves
Term
midsagittal section
Definition
if you cut the  body into left and right halves
Term
sagittal section
Definition
any cut that divides the body into left and right portions and the cut is in the sagittal plane
Term
coronal section
Definition
divides body into front and back halves
Term
anterior
Definition
refers to the front surface of a body
Term
ventral
Definition
pertaining to the belly or anterior surface
Term
posterior
Definition
toward the back
Term
dorsal
Definition
pertaining to the back of the body of distal
Term
rostral
Definition
towards the head
Term
peripheral
Definition
away from the center
Term
superficial
Definition
confined to the surface
Term
"deep to another"
Definition
means its close tot the axis of the body
Term
external
Definition
outside
Term
internal
Definition
within the body
Term
distal
Definition
away from the midline
Term
medial
Definition
toward the midline
Term
superior
Definition
above, farther from the ground
Term
inferior
Definition
below, closer to the ground
Term
prone
Definition
on the belly
Term
supine
Definition
on the back
Term
lateral
Definition
toward the side
Term
proximal
Definition
nearest to the point of attachment or some point of reference, "approximate"
Term
flexion
Definition
bending at a joint usually toward the ventral surface usually results in two ventral surfaces coming closer together
Term
extension
Definition
opposite of flexion, pulling two ends further apart.
Term
hyperextension
Definition
extreme extension
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
flexion that brings dorsal surfaces into closer proximity
Term
plantar
Definition
sole of the foot
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
rising on your toes
Term
plantar grasp flexion
Definition
stimulation of the sole of the foot causes the toes of the feet to "grasp"
Term
inversion
Definition
turning the sole of your foot inward
Term
eversion
Definition
a foot turned out
Term
palmar
Definition
the palm of the hand the ventral (flexor) surface
Term
pronated
Definition
to place in the prone position the plamar surface is directed inferiory (prone position one if lying on his or her stomach or ventral surface)
Term
supination
Definition
rotating the hand so the palmar surface is directed superorly
Term
palmar grasp reflex
Definition
lightly stimulationg the palm of  the hand
Term
ipsi
Definition
same
Term
4 major tissues
Definition
epithelial,connective, muscular, nervous
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
the super ficial (outer) layer of mucous membranes and the cells constituting the skin
Term
cilia
Definition
hairlike protrusions that actively beat to remove contimints from the epithelial surface
Term
baseplate/basement membrane
Definition
made of collage underlies epithelial tissue may act as a filter or stabalize the epithelial tissue
Term
connective tissue
Definition
composed predominantly of intercellular material, matrix, with in which the cells of connective tissue are bound may be solid, liquid or gel-like
Term
areolar tissue
Definition
(loose connective tissue) is supportive in nature found between muscles and as a thin membranous sheet between organs
Term
interstitial
Definition
space or gap in tissue
Term
adipose
Definition
areolar tissue that is highly impregnated with fat cells
Term
lymphoid tissue
Definition
specialized tissue found in tonsils and adenoids
Term
fibrous tissue
Definition
binds structures together and may contain combinations of fiber types
Term
white fibrous
Definition
tissue is stong, dens and highly organized
Term
yellow elastic
Definition
tissue is found where connective tissue must return to its original shape after being distended
Term
cartilage
Definition
unique proproties of strength and elasticity
Term
tensile strength
Definition
keeps fibers from easily separated when pulled
Term
compressive strength
Definition
lets cartilage retain its form by being resistant to crushing compressing forces
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