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CH 1,2,3
Cochrane Anatomy and Physiology CH 1,2,3
102
Anatomy
Not Applicable
01/29/2015

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Cards

Term

Anatomy

 

Definition
study of the structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized
Term
Physiology
Definition
study of the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it
Term

Pathology

Definition
study of the diseases of the body
Term
Superior
Definition

uppermost or above

 

Ex: head is superior to the neck

Term
Inferior
Definition

lowermost or below

 

Ex: foot is ferior to the ankle

Term
Anterior
Definition
means toward the front
Term
Ventral
Definition
belly side
Term
Posterior
Definition
toward the back
Term
Dorsal
Definition

back side

 

Term
Cephal or Cranial
Definition
toward the head
Term
Caudal
Definition
specifically means toward the tail
Term
Medial
Definition
nearest the midline of the mody
Term

Lateral

 

Definition
toward the side or away from the midline of the body
Term

Proximal

Definition
nearest the point of attachment or origin
Term
Distal
Definition
away from the point of attachment
Term
Midsagittal Plane
Definition
vertically divides the body through the midline into two equal left and right portions or halves
Term
Sagittal Plane
Definition
any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane vertically dividing the body into unequal right and left portions
Term
Transverse/Horizontal
Definition
plane dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
Term
Frontal/Coronal
Definition
plane that divides the anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Term
Viscera
Definition
organs of any cavity
Term
Bodies two major cavities
Definition
dorsal and ventral
Term
Dorsal Cavity
Definition
contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate the body's functions
Term
Dorsal cavity is divided in to two cavities
Definition
cranial which contains the brain and spinal that contains the spinal cord
Term
Ventral Cavity
Definition
contains organs that are involved in maintaing homeostasis or a constant internal invironment with small ranges of deviation
Term
Sub Divisions of Ventral Cavity
Definition

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

 

Term
Thoracic Cavity
Definition
contains the heart, thymus gland, lymph, blood vessels, trachea, esophagus and nerves
Term
Pericardial cavity
Definition
contains the heart in a pericardial sac
Term
Pleural Cavity
Definition
contains two lungs covered by pleural membrane
Term
mediastinum
Definition
space found between two pleural cavities
Term
Diaphragm muscle separates
Definition
thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Term
Abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
contains kidneys, stomach, liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas  (ovaries and uterus in women)
Term
Parietal
Definition
walls of a cavity
Term
Visceral
Definition
covering on an organ
Term
Cell
Definition
smallest unit of life and all living material are composed of these
Term
Protoplasm
Definition
liquid part of a cell
Term
Atoms
Definition
smallest unity of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Term
Molecules
Definition
formed when atoms comine through chemical bond
Term
Tissue
Definition
made up of smilar cells that perfom similar functions such as muscle tissue
Term
What activities does a cell do?
Definition
all activities to maintian life such as metablolism, assimilation, digestion, excertion, reproduction
Term
Four categories of body tissue
Definition
epithelial, connective, muscle or nervous
Term
Integumentary System
Definition

made of two layers epidermis and dermis

 

(skin, ahir, nails, sebacious glands, sweat glands)

 

functions to insulate the body, protect from environmental hazards, regulate body temp and water

 

 

Term
Skeletal System
Definition

composed bones, cartilage and membranous structures

 

protects the soft and vital parts of the body and provides support for body tissue

Term
Muscular System
Definition
muscles, fasciae, tendon sheaths and bursae
Term
Nervous System
Definition

brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves and sensory and motor structure of the body

 

function to controll, correlate and regulate other systems

Term
Endocrine System
Definition

endocrine ducts/glands the master gland or pituitary controls the other glands- thyroid, adrenal, ovaries and testies

 

produce hormones and chemically regulate 

Term
Cardiovascular System
Definition

heart, artieries, veins and capillaries

 

pump and distribute blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to and from the body cells

Term
Lymphatic System
Definition

lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen and lymph vessels

 

drain tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluids and absorb fats from the intestine and carry them to the blood. Also protects body from disease by developing immunities

Term
Respiratory System
Definition

nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

 

brings oxygen to and eliminats carbon dioxide from the blood

Term
Digestive System
Definition

alimentary canal (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus) with associated glands (salivary, liver and pancrease

 

convert food into simpler substances that along with other nutrients can be absorbed by cells and eliminate wastes

Term
Urniary System
Definition

two kidnes, two ureters, the bladder, urethra

 

chemical regulation of blood formation, elimination of urine, and maintain homeostasis

Term
Reproductive System
Definition

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis and urethra

 

maintenance of sexual characteristics and perpetuation of our species

Term
Homeostasis
Definition

maintenanace of the internal environment of the body is essential for survival

 

Ex: blood sugar levels, body temperature, heart rate

Term
List 3 planes of division of the body
Definition
Transverse, Midsagittal, and Frontal
Term

Why should we have a basic understanding of science and chemistry?

Definition
Because all of the structures of the body (cells, tissues, and organs) are composed of chemicals.
Term

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Definition

Allows the body cells to do work and function.

Term

 Chemistry

Definition

The science that deals with the elements, their compounds, the chemical reactions that occur between elements and compounds, and the molecular structure of all matter.

Term

 Atoms

Definition

The smallest particles of an element that maintains all the characteristics of that element and enter into chemical reactions through their electrons.

 

Term

 Element

Definition

A substance whose atoms all contain the same number of protons and the same number of electrons. Atoms are electronically neutral.

Term

John Dalton's (1808)

Atomic Theory

Definition
  • All mater is made up of timy particles called atoms.
  • All atoms of a given element are similar to one another but different from the atoms of other elements.
  • Atoms of two or more elements combine to form compounds.
  • A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement, seperation, or combination of atoms.
  • Atoms are never created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.
Term
 Carbon
Definition

The element found in all living matter.

Term

 

Bonds

Definition

Atoms combine chemically with one another in one of two ways, they form _____.

 

Chemical  ____ are formed when the outermost  electrons are transferred (gained or lost) or shared between atoms.

Term

 

Compound

Definition
When the atoms of two or more different elements combine, a _______ (such as water, H2O) is created.
Term

 

10 Common substances found in living systems

Definition

1.   Water

2.   Carbon dioxide gas

3.   Molecular oxygen

4.   Ammonia

5.   Mineral Salts

6.   Carbohydrates

7.   Lipids

8.   Proteins

9.   Nucleic Acids

10. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Term

 

Water

Definition

The most abundant substance in living cells, approximately 60% to 80% of a cell is water; plasma, which is the liquid portion of blood, is 92% _____.


It has a number of roles in cells.  It takes part in some reactions, such as photosynthesis in plant cells, which supplies our earth with molecular oxygen, and respiration in both plant and animal cells, which produces energy.


_____ also absorbs and releases high levels of heat before its temperature changes, thus helping control normal body temperature.

Term

 

Water Continued

Definition

It is part of amniotic fluid and protects the developing fetus.  It is also part of the cerebrospinal fluid and protects the brain and spinal cord by functioning as a shock absorber.

 

Finally, it is the base for all body lubricants such as mucus in the digestive tract and synovial fluid in joints.

Term

 

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Definition

A small molecule that contains one carbon atom covalently bonded to two oxygen atoms.  It is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration and must ne eliminated quickly from the body through expiration via the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.

 

If ____ ____ is allowed to accumulate within the cells, it becomes toxic by forming carbonic acid as it reacts with water.  Hence we exhale it quickly from the lungs.

Term

 

Molecular Oxygen (O2)

Definition

Formed when two oxygen atoms are covalently bonded together, is required by all organisms that breath air.

*  It is necessary to convert chemical energy (food), such as the
    energy found in a glucose (C6H12O6) molecule into another form
    of chemical energy, ATP, that can be used by cells to do work.
* Without plants there would be no molecular oxygen in
   our atmosphere, and without Othere would be no life on our planet
   as we know it.
*  The level of O2 in our atmosphere is maintained at a nearly constant level (about 20% 
   of the gas in the atmosphere is oxygen) by the many different kinds of plants found 
   on our earth.

Term

 

Hydrolysis

Definition

Digestion of food requires water to break down larger molecules, this is called ______.

Term

 

Solvent

Definition

Water serves as a medium or ______ for other reactions, and water is referred to as a universal ______.

Term

 

Ammonia (NH3)

 

Definition

The ______ molecule comes from decomposition of proteins via the digestive process and the conversion of amino acids in cellular respiration to ATP molecules. An important element in _____ is nitrogen.

 

Because even a small amount of ____ is injurous to cells, the human body must quickly dispose of this material,

 

Through enzymes, the liver coverts the toxic ___ to a harmless substance called urea. Because urea is soluable in water, the blood then carries the urea to the kidneys to be filtered and eliminated from the body as urine.

Term

 

Nitrogen

Definition

______ is an essential element in amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

Term

 

Mineral Salts

 

Definition

__ __ are composed of small ions. They are essential for the survival and functioning of the body's cells.

* Calcium (Ca+) is necessary for muscle contraction and nervous
   transmission as well as strong bones. It is the fifth most abundant
   element in the body.

* Phosphate (PO4-) is necessary to produce the high-energy molecule
   ATP.

* Chloride (CI-) is necessary for nervous transmission.

* Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) are also necessary for muscle cell
   contraction and movement.

Term

Know 


Carbohydrates

Definition

___ are made up of the atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

 

The smallest _____ are the simple sugars that cannot be made to react to water to produce a simpler form.

 

_____ have two important functions: energy storage (sugars, starch, glycogen) and cell strengthening (cellulose of plant cell walls and chitin in the external skeleton of arthropod animals).  Energy storage is the most common function.

Term

 

Lipids

Definition

There are a number of different kinds of ____.

_____ are substances that are insoluable in water.  Fats, phosphoilipids, steroids, and prostaglandins are examples of these different kinds of molecules.

 

This book concentrates on fats which are a major kind of _____.

Of the fats in the human body, 95% are triglycerides, also called triacylglycerols.

 

Term

Know 


Fats

Definition

A fatty acid is saturated if it contains only single covalent bonds such as those found in whole milk, butter, eggs,beef, pork, and coconut and palm oils.  Saturated fats tend to be solids at room temperature. Too much of these fatty acids contributes to cardiovascular disease.

 

If the carbon chain has one or more double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms, it is an unsaturated fatty acid.  These fatty acids are good for you and are found in sunflower, corn,  and fish oils. Unsaturated fats tend to be liquids at room temperature.

**Fat found under the skin acts as an insulator to prevent heat loss.  Fat also protects organs as a surrounding layer such as the layer around our kidneys.

Term

Know 


Proteins

Definition

___ are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen covalently bonded.  Most ____ also contain sulfer. The basic building blocks of ___ are 20 amino acids.


Many are structural ___.  ___ are part of a cell's membranous structures: plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria.


We could not move, talk, breathe, digest, or circulate blood without the ____s actin and myosin. Additionally, our immune system funtions because antibodies, which are ____ of a high molecular weight, are formed to combat foreign proteins called antigens that enter the body. Proteins are also a source of energy that can be broken down and converted to ATP.

Term

 

Enzymes

Definition

Chemical reactions in cells would not occur in cells without the assistance of ____.

 

_____ are protein catalysts, which increase the rate of chemical reaction without being affected by the reaction.

 

Proteins are also a source of energy that can be broken down and converted to ATP just like carbohydrates and fats.

Term

 

Nucleic Acids

Definition

Two very important ___ ____ are found in cells.

 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material of the cells located in the nucleus of the cell.

 

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is structurally related to DNA. Two important types of RNA are messenger RNA and transfer RNA, which are important molecules necessary for protein synthesis.

Term

Know


Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Definition

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the high-energy molecule or fuel that runs the cell's machinery.  All the food we eat (which is a form of chemical energy) must be transformed into another form of chemical energy (ATP) that allows our cells to maintain, repair, and reproduce themselves.

Term

 

Movement of materials into and out of cells

Definition

The plasma membrane of cells is a selectively permeable membrane.  This means that only selected materials are capable of getting into and out of cells.

 

The cell membrane is composed of an outer and inner layer of protein with a double phospholipid layer in between.  This chemical arrangement allows water to pass into and out of the cell with ease.

 

However water is not the only needed material needed for the cells survival.

Cells need food like sugars, amino acids to make proteins, and nutirents like the mineral salts. 

Term

 

Materials Pass through the cell's membrane in three diffrent ways:

Definition
  1. Diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Active Transport
Term

 

Diffusion

Definition

The movement of molecules through a medium from an area of high concentration of those molecules to an area of low concentration of those molecules.Temperature has an effect on diffusion. The higher the temperature, the faster the movement.

 

Ex: Chunk of Ice: low temperature keeps the molecules moving very slowly, so the water is in a solid state. As temperature increases the water moves to a liquid state.

 

An example of an important diffusion in the human body is the uptake of oxygen by the blood in the lungs and the release of carbon dioxide gas to the lungs from the blood.

Term

 

Osmosis

Definition

A special kind of diffusion.  ____ pertains only to the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane (e.g. a plasma membrane) from an area of high concentration of water molecules (e.g. pure water) to an area of low concentration of water molecules (e.g. water to which a solute such as sugar or salt has been added).

Term

 

Active Transport

Definition
___ ___ needs energy in the form of ATP to overcome osmotic/diffusional barriers-another major reason why ATP is so important in a cell's survival.
Term

Know

The effects of Osmosis on Red Blood Cells

Definition

Isotonic Solution (normal saline solution): the salt concentration outside the red blood cell equals the salt concentration inside the red blood cell, water molecules will pass into and out of the red blood cell at an equal rate.

 

Hypotonic Soultion (pure distilled water): where the water molecules are in a higher concentration outside the red blood cell, water will move into the red blood cell, causing it to swell and eventually rupture.

 

Hypertonic Solution (5% salt solution): where there is more water inside the red blood cell than in the solution, the red blood cell will shrival up or crenulate.

Term

 

List three functions of fats in the human body.

Definition

1. Source of energy

2. Act as insulators

3. Protect organs

Term

 

What two major roles do carbohydrates play in living cells?

Definition

1. Energy storage

2. Cell Strengthening

Term

List four functions of proteins necessary for the function and survival of the human body.

Definition

1. Many are structural proteins. Proteins are part of a cell's membraneous
    structure.

2.Chemical reactions inside a cell allow a cell to function properly. These
   chemical reactions would not occur in cells without the assistance of
   enzymes. Enzymes are protein catalysts.

3. Our immune system functions because antibodies, which are proteins of
    a high molecular weight, are formed to combat foreign proteins called
    antigens.

4. Proteins are a source of energy that can be broken down and converted
    to ATP
.

Term

Know


Cell

Definition

The cell is the basic unit of biologic organization of the human body.

 

Although cells have different functions in the body, they all have certain common structural properties.

 

Cells vary in size and most cells are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

Term

 

Protoplasm

Definition

All cells are composed of _____, which is an aqueous collidal solution of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and inorganic salts surrounded by a cell membrane.

 

Protoplasm is predominately water with organic compounds in a colloidal suspension and inorganic compounds in solution.

Term

 

Organelles

Definition

Compounds within the protoplasm that are the building blocks of structures within the protoplasm.

 

____ that are common to all eukaryotic cells are the nucleus, the mitochondra, the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, the Gogli apparatus, and lysosomes.

Term

 

Nucleus

Definition

When observed under a microscope, the most prominent structure in the cell is the ____.

 

The ___, is the control center of the cell.

Term

 

The protoplasm of the cell is subdivided into two sections:

Definition

1. Nucleoplasm: the protoplasm inside the nucleus.


2. Cytoplasm: the protoplasm outside the nucleus.

Term

 

History of the cell theory

Definition

Cells were not observed until the invention of the first microscope in the mid-17th century. Robert Hooke, an Engish scientist built the first microscope and decribed the first cells.

 

Anton von Leeuvenhoek, a Dutch naturalist, observed tiny organisms in pond water.

Term

 

Modern Cell Theory

Definition

1. Cells are the smallest complete living things-they are the basic
    units of organisms.

2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells in which all
    life processes occur.

3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells through the process of
    cell division.

4. All of today's existing cells are descendants of the first cells
    formed early in the evoluntionary history of life on earth.

Term

 

Cell Membrane

Definition

All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. The membrane is often called the plasma membrane or the plasmalemma.

Term

 

Cytoplasm of the cell

Definition

The liquid portion of the cell is called protoplasm.  The protoplasm outside the nucleus is called cytoplasm; the protoplasm inside the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm. The main consituent of cytoplasm is water.

Term

 

The Nucleus

Definition

The _____ is the most prominent structure in the cell.  It is clearly visible with a light compound microscope.

 

It is a fluid containing structure that is seperated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane.

 

The ___ is the control center of the cell.

Term

 

Lysosomes

Definition

Small bodies in the cytoplasm that contain powerful digestive emzymes to enhance the breakdown of cellular components.

 

They have three functions.

Term

 

3 Functions of Lysosomes

Definition

1. They act in conjunction with stored food vacuoles. When a cell needs more emergy, a ___ will fuse with a stored food vacuole to break down the stored food into a more usable form that can go to a mitochondrian to be converted into ATP.


2. ____ act in the maintainance and repair of cellular components.  If a section of ER needs to be rebuilt, the ___ will break down the membrane into amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, and so on and material that can be recycled to build new protein and phospholipids.


3. ___ also act as suicide agents in old and weakened cells. This process is known as autolysis.

Term

 

Protein Synthesis

Definition

Proteins are essential to cellular function and structure.

 

Enzymes are protein catalysts (all chemical reactions in the cell require emzymes), and our immune system functions through the production of antibodies (large proteins) that attack foreign proteins (antigens).

Term

 

Cilis and Flagella

Definition

___ and ___ are cellular organelles located on the cell surface.  They are composed of fibrils that protrude from the cell and beat or vibrate.

* In the human body the male sperm is propelled by a single beaing flagellum that assists
   it in reaching the female egg in the upper part of the fallopian tube where they unite
   and fertilize.

* Stationary cells, like those that line our respiratory tract, are covered with cilia on their
   free edge to move the mucus-dust package upward across the cell surfaces to bring this
   material to the throat to be swallowed and then discharged from the body.

*Although ___ and ___ are similar anatomically, a flagella is considerly larger than a
  cilium.

* Externally, these structures are hairlike protrusions from the cell membrane.

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