-origin: insertion: action

-involved in movements of the head and spinal -column

-insertion end is usually distal

-insertion moves toward origin

-insertion is the end that moves

O:the surface of the skull

I: within the dermis of the skin

A: cause the skin to move 

Orbicularis oris

facial expression muscle

O-maxilla and mandible

I- lips

A- constricts the opening of the mouth

kissing muscles

buccinator

facial expression muscle

O-alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible

I-obicularis oris

A- compresses cheeks (sucking)

fish face

           Zygomaticus (major & minor)

 facial expression muscle

O-Zygomatic bone

I- angle of mouth and upper lip

A- retracts and elevates corner of mouth

smile

Levator labii superioris

 facial expression muscle

               Depressor labii inferioris

facial expression muscle 

Platysma

 facial expression muscle

muscles of scalp

-epicranium=scalp

- all insert on aponeurosis(top/ball of head)

•Occipitofrontalis 

      –Frontal belly - raises eyebrows 

      –Occipital belly -  tenses and retracts scalp

•Temporoparietals – moves auricle of ear

-chewing

-move mandible and TMJ

*includes orbicularis oris and buccinator

                       Masseter

-chewing/mastification muscle

-big huge muscles on cheeks

O•zygomatic arch

I •lateral surface and angle of mandibular ramus

A•elevates mandible and closes jaw 

Temporalis

-chewing/mastification muscle

O-temporal lines of the skull

I- coronoid process of mandible

A- elevates mandible

                  Pterygoids

-chewing/mastification muscle

-group of muscles

-Actions include

   elevate, protract, and slide side-to-side the mandible

Muscles of the Tounge

glossus means tounge

-genioglossus

-hyoglossus

-styloglossus

-palatoglossus

Genioglossus

-muscle of the tongue

-O-medial surface of mandible near CHIN

-I-body of TONGUE and HYOID

-A-depresses and PROtracts tongue

*genio-chin

hyoglossus

-muscle of the tongue

-O-Hyoid bone

-I-side of tongue

-A-depresses and REtracts

styloglossus

-muscle of tongue

-O-STYLOID PROCESS of TEMPORAL BONE

-I-lateral side of TONGUE

-A-elevates and retracts

Palatoglossus

-muscle of tongue

-O-anterior surface of soft palate

-I-side of tongue

-A-elevates and depresses soft palate

Muscles of Pharynx

muscles of eye

oculi=eye

-Orbicularis oculi

  O:orbit

   I:skin around eye lids

  A:closes eyes

*allows us to blink

-Oculomotor

  O:orbital surface

  I:various surfaces of the eye

  A:moves eye position

digastric

-muscle of the neck

-digastric- 2 bellies

    anterior:depresses mandible

    Posterior: depresses mandible

mylohyoid

O:mylohyoid of mandible

I:hyoid bone

A:elevates floor of mouth

muscles of neck

sternohyoid

O:clavicle and manubrium

I: hyoid bone

A: depresses hyoid bone and larynx

*don't follow rule of origin being proximal to insertion

stylohyoid

O:styloid process of temporal bone;

I: hyoid bone;

A: raise hyoid bone 

sternocleidomastoid

O:sternum or clavicle;

I:mastoid process and lateral portion of nuchal line;

A:flex the neck, bend neck toward shoulder and face to opposite side

cleido-clavical

1 in humans, 2 in cat

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

-occur in 3 different layers

1. superficial layer, moves the neck

2.intermediate layer

3. deep layer

superficial layer of vert. column

-moves the neck

•Trapezius and latissimus dorsi move the pectoral girdle upper limb

•Splenius muscles (splenius capitus=head and splenius cervicis)

O-spinous processes of vertebrae;

I- mastoid process, occipital bone, and atlas;

A- extend the neck together, rotates and laterally flexes neck separate

       *insertion above origin-opposite from others

Intermediate layer of vert. column

-extends the vertebral column

-erector spinae muscles originate on spinal

      column

-name implies insertion point (origin below

      insertion)

-Includes Spinalis, Logissimus, and Erector

      spinae

Intermediate layer of vert. column

SPINALIS

-originate on spinous process of vertebrae

-very middle muscles

-includes:

 –Spinalis cervicis -  extends neck 

                               -superior to thoracis

  –Spinalis thoracis -  extends vertebral column 

   Intermediate layer of vert.

                column

           LONGISSIMUS

-originate on transverse process of vertebrae

--–Longissimus capitus - extend neck, rotate and lateral

      flexion of neck 

---–Longissimus cervicis - same as above 

---–Longissimus thoracis - extension of vertebral column

      and lateral flexion 

Intermediate layer of vert.

                column

       ERECTOR SPINAE

-allow body to stand upright

-includes Iliocostalis muscles-originate on superior border of ribs

    –Iliocostalis cervicis - extends or laterally flexes neck and elevates ribs 

      –Iliocostalis thoracis - stabilizes thoracic vertebrae in extension 

  *2 above have origin on ribs

     –Iliocostalis lumborum

         O- iliac crest, sacral crests and lumbar spinous processes;

         I - inferior surfaces of  ribs 6 - 12;

         A- extends vertebral column and depresses (elevates) ribs

Deep layer of vert. column

-connect vertebrae together and stabalize

-semispinalis

-multifidus

-rotatores

-interspinales

-intertransversarii

deep layer of vertebral column

Semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus

semispinalis

O:transverse processes

I:spinous processes

  -–Capitus - extends the neck, laterally flexes neck and turns head 

   –Cervicis - extends vertebral column and rotates vertebrae 

     --Thoracis - same as above

Rotatores (cervicis, thoracis, and lumborum) -  same as above 

Multifidus – (origin sacrum and transverse processes of each

                  vertebrae); same as above 

      deep layer of vertebral column

                   Multifidus   

deep layer of vert. column

INTERSPINALES &

INTERTRANSVERSARII

•Interspinales -  extends vertebral column 

•Intertransversarii - lateral flexion(bend side to side) of vertebral column 

*both hold vertebrae together

deep layer of vert. column

spinal flexors

-flex vertebrae and neck (bend forward)

-majority of muscles of the vertebral column are

     extensors

 •Longus capitis - flex the neck and rotate the head 

•Longus colli - flexes and rotates neck and limits hyperextension 

•Quadratus lumborum - depress ribs, produce lateral flexion, and stabilizes floating ribs (11 and12) during forced exhalation

OBLIQUE and RECTUS MUSCLES

-muscles that lie between the vertebral column and ventral midline

•oblique muscles compress the underlying structures or rotate the vertebral column

•oblique are the things that "point where u need to go" and on sides of neck that make you look goofy...

-IN cervical region:Scalene Muscles

elevate ribs(heavy inhalation), flex neck, rotate head/neck

OBLIQUE MUSCLES IN THORACIC REGION

INTERCOSTAL

–important for respiratory movements regarding the ribs

»External - elevate ribs (inhale)

»Internal -  depresses ribs (exhale)

ONLY USED IN NORMAL INHALATION

OBLIQUE MUSCLES IN THORACIC REGION

      TRANSVERSUS AND SERRATUS

–Transversus thoracis (innermost layer) - depresses ribs (lines

         inner of ribs) (fibers prpendicular to body)

–Serratus posterior

»Superior (right below cervical region)-  elevates ribs to

       enlarge thoracic cavity 

»Inferior - pulls ribs inferiorly and out to oppose action of

                diaphragm (depresses ribs) (in lumbar region)

–External oblique - compress abdomen, depress ribs, flexes laterally, and rotates vertebral column 

–Internal oblique - same as above 

--Transversus abdominis -  compress abdomen

             trans. is DEEPEST

RECTUS MUSCLES

-important flexors of the vertebral column and acting in opposition to the erector spinae

*Diaphgram(thoracic regon)

O:xiphoid process, ribs 7 - 12, and anterior surface of lumbar vertebrae;

I: central tendinous sheet;

A: expands thoracic cavity 

*Rectus abdominis (abdominal region)  - (rectus=runnin parallel)

O:superior surface of pubis;

I: inferior cartilage of ribs 5 - 7 and xiphoid process;

A:depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column, and compresses abdomen 

»Linea alba - collagenous longitudinally divides rectus abdominis 

»Tendinous inscriptions - fibrous tissue that divides the abdominis into 8 transverse sections