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ch 10 & 11
Nervous System- Mrs. Vela
124
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/19/2008

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Term
What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?
Definition
Central nervous system (CNS) &
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Term
What are 3 general fuctions of the nervous system?
Definition
sensory, integrative & motor
Term
Which is the most abundant of the nerve cells. This cells support, insulate, nourish, & care for the neurons. Some participate in phagocytosis; others assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
Neuroglia
Term
What is a 2nd type of nerve cell & is the most important in the transmission of information; they have many shapes & they are nonmitotic, there fore don't replicate or replace themselves when injured?
Definition
Neurons
Term
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
Definition
It protects & insulates the axon
Term
How does a neuron transmit information?
Definition
Polarization, Depolarization & Repolarization
Term
What helps information move from one neuron to the next.
Definition
Synapse
Term
What are the 4 major areas of the brain?
Definition
Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem & the cerebellum
Term
What is the function of the cerebrum is?
Definition
Its the largest part of the brain and is divided into a right and left hemispheres.
Term
If you have irration of the sciatic nerve, what plexus have you damaged?
Definition
Lumbosacral plexus
Term
What is the corpus callosum?
Definition
It's a band of white matter that forms a large fiber tract, it joins the two hemisphere & allows them to communicate w/ each other
Term
What does the diecephalon consist of?
Definition
Thalamus and the hypothalamus, which controls the pituitary gland.
Term
What does the brain stem consist of?
Definition
The midbrain, pons,and medulla oblongata
Term
What does the hypothalamus do?
Definition
It helps regulate many body processes, such as water balence,metabolism, heart rate, blood pressure and respiration
Term
What does the thalamus do?
Definition
It sorts out the sensory information that travels from the lower brain and spinal cord region to the sensory areas of the cerebrum.
Term
What is the function of the midbrain?
Definition
Its a reflex centers for vision, and hearing
Term
Where is the midbrain located?
Definition
It extends from the lower diencephalon to the pons
Term
Where is the pons?
Definition
It extends from the midbrain to the medulla oblongata
Term
What is the function of the pons?
Definition
It plays an important role in the regulation of breathing rate and rhythm
Term
Where is the medulla oblongata located?
Definition
It connects to the spinal cord w/ the pons.
Term
What is known as the "vital center"
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Definition
It helps control the heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
Term
What are the 4 major lobes in the brain?
Definition
Frontal, temporal, Parietal and Occipital
Term
What are the meninges?
Definition
They are layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord. There are 3 layers.
Term
What are the 3 layers of meninges?
Definition
P- pia mater
A- arachnoid
D- dura mater
Term
What does the pia mater do?
Definition
It is a very thin membrane that contains many blood vessels & lies delicately over the brain and spinal cord.
Term
Where is the pia mater located?
Definition
it is the inner most layer and literally means soft, or gentle, mother
Term
Where is the dura mater located?
Definition
The outer most layer is a thick, tough, connective tissue that means hard mother.
Term
What is beneath the dura mater and consist of a small space called?
Definition
Subdural space
Term
What looks like a spiderweb, and is the middle layer of the meninges?
Definition
Arachnoid
Term
How does CSF protect the CNS?
Definition
CSF fluid cushions the CNS
Term
Does the subarachnoid space surround the entire CNS?
Definition
yes
Term
What is the blood brain barrier?
Definition
It is an arrangement of cells.
Term
What are the glial astrocytes associated with?
Definition
They are associated with the blood vessels that supply the brain and the spinal cord. They select the substances allowed to enter the CNS from the blood.
Term
If potentially harmful substance is present in the blood what would prevent that substance from entering the brain & spinal cord?
Definition
Blood brain barrier
Term
What does the sensory nerves do?
Definition
They gather information from inside the body & form the outside environment.
Term
What does the integrative of the central nervous system do?
Definition
Sensory information that is brought to the CNS is processed or interpreted
Term
What does the motor nerves of the nervous system do?
Definition
Motor nerves convey information from the CNS toward the muscle & glands of the body. Motor nerves carry out the plans made by the CNS.
Term
What are the types of Neuroglia?
Definition
Astrocytes, Ependymal cells, microglia, schwann cells, & oligodendrocytes
Term
What is the 3 function of astrocytes?
Definition
1. Star shaped cells present in blood-brain barrier
2. Also anchor or bind blood vessels to nerves for support
3. Acts in phagocytes
Term
What are the 2 functions of the ependymal cells?
Definition
1. Line the ventricles as part of the choroid plexus
2. Involved in the formation of CSF
Term
What are the 2 functions of the microglia?
Definition
1. Protective role
2. Phagocytosis of pathogens & damaged tissue
Term
What is the function of the Schwann cells?
Definition
Produce myelin sheath for neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
Term
What is the function of the oligodendrocytes?
Definition
Produce myelin sheath for neurons in the CNS
Term
What are the 3 parts of the neuron?
Definition
1. Dendrites
2. Cell body
3. Axon
Term
What are dendrities?
Definition
Treelike structure that receive information from the other neurons & then transmit the information toward the cell body
Term
The cell body contains what?
Definition
It contains the nucleus & is essential for the life of the cell.
Term
What is the axon?
Definition
Is a long extension that transmits information away from the cellbody
Term
At the end of an axon is hundreds of what, they also store neurotransmitters?
Definition
Axon terminals
Term
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
Definition
They are areas not covered by myelin sheath, they appear along the axon.
Term
What are the types of neurons?
Definition
S- Sensory
A-Afferent
M-Motor
E-Efferent
Term
What are the layers of protection?
Definition
Bone, meninges, CSF, and blood-brain barrier
Term
What is the master gland?
Definition
Pitutary gland
Term
Sensory neurons are also called what?
Definition
Afferent neurons
Term
Motor nuerons are also called what?
Definition
Efferent neurons
Term
What type of neuron is only found in the CNS?
Definition
Interneuron
Term
What is the resting state of the neuron?
Definition
Polarization
Term
What is the electrical/stimulated state of the neuron called?
Definition
Depolarization
Term
When it returns back to resting state it is called what?
Definition
Repolarization
Term
During polarization the inside of the cell has what kind of charge?
Definition
Negative
Term
During depolarization the inside of the cell has what kind of charge?
Definition
postive
Term
During repolarization, the inside of the cell has what kind of charge?
Definition
negative
Term
Jumping from node to node is called what?
Definition
Saltatory conduction
Term
What are thousands of tiny vesicles that store chemical substances called?
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Term
Each what has a specific shape & accepts only those neurotransmitters that "fit" its shape called?
Definition
Receptor sites
Term
CSF is formed within the ventricles of the brain by a structure called?
Definition
Choroid plexus
Term
How is CSF formed?
Definition
Its formed across the walls of the choroid plexus w/in the ventricles, circulates throughout the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord, & the drains into the dural sinuses.
Term
Describe the anatomy of the spinal cord.
Definition
It is a continuation of the brain stem. It is a tubelike structure located w/in the spinal cavity. It is about the thickness of your thumb & about 17 in long & extends from the foramen magnum of the occipital bone to the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra, just below the bottom rib.
Term
What are the 3 functions of the spinal cord?
Definition
1. Sensory pathway
2. Motor pathway
3. Reflex center
Term
What are the 4 componets of the reflex arc?
Definition
1. Receptor
2. Afferent
3. Efferent
4. Effector organ
Term
by tapping the tendon, the mallet stimulates sensory receptors in the thigh muscles. What componet in the reflex arc does that describe?
Definition
Receptor
Term
Another name for sensory neuron.The nerve impulse is carried by a sensory neuron to the spinal cord is what componet of the reflex arc?
Definition
Afferent
Term
Another name for motor neuron? The nerve impulse is carried by a motor nerve to the muscles of the thigh is what componet of the reflex arc?
Definition
Efferent
Term
In response to the nerve impulse, the muscles contracts & moves the lower leg in an upward movement, is what componet of the reflex arc?
Definition
Effector Organ
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"I"
Definition
Olfactory
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"II"
Definition
Optic
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"III"?
Definition
Oculomotor
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"IV"?
Definition
Trochlear
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"V"?
Definition
Trigeminal
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"VI"?
Definition
Abducens
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"VII"
Definition
Facial
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"VIII"?
Definition
Vestibulocochlear
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"IX"?
Definition
Glossopharyngeal
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"X"?
Definition
Vagus
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"XI"?
Definition
Accessory
Term
What is the name of this cranial nerve
"XII"?
Definition
Hypoglossal
Term
What is the function of the cranial nerve "I" Olfactory?
Definition
Smell
Term
What is the function of the cranial nerve "II" Optic?
Definition
Sight
Term
What is the fuction of the cranial nerve "III" Oculomotor?
Definition
Movement of the eyeball; raising eyelids; change in pupil size
Term
What is the function of the cranial nerve "IV" Trochlear?
Definition
Movement of the eyeball
Term
What is the function of the cranial nerve "V" Vagus
Definition
Chewing food; sensations in face, scalp, cornea (eye) & teeth
Term
What is the function of the cranial nerve "VI" Abducens?
Definition
Movement of eyeball
Term
What is the function of the cranial nerve "VII" Facial?
Definition
Facial expressions; secretions of saliva & tears; taste; blinking
Term
What is the function of the cranial nerve "VIII" Vestibulocochlear?
Definition
Hearing and balence
Term
What is the function of cranial nerve "IX" Glossopharyngeal?
Definition
Swallowing, secretion of salivia; taste; sensory for the reflex regulation of blood pressure; part of the gag reflex
Term
What is the fuction of cranial nerve "X" Vagus?
Definition
Visceral muscle movement & sensations, esp.. the digestive system;sensory for the reflex regulationof blood pressure
Term
What is the function of cranial nerve
"XI" Accessory?
Definition
Swallowing; head & shoulder movement; speaking
Term
What is the fuction of the cranial nerve "XII" Hypoglossal?
Definition
Speech & swallowing
Term
The inability to smell is a disorder to what nerve?
Definition
"I" Olfactory
Term
If you have loss of vision, you have damage to what nerve?
Definition
"II" Optic
Term
If you have a drooping upper eyelid, absense of pupilary reflex(dilated & fixed) you have a disorder to what nerve?
Definition
"III" Oculomotor
Term
Difficulty in focusing eyes on an object, you have a disorder to what nerve?
Definition
III Oculomotor
Term
If you have an inability to move eyeball in a particular direction, you have damage to what nerve?
Definition
IV Trochlear
Term
Loss of sensation (pain/touch); impaired corneal reflex, you have damage to what nerve?
Definition
"V" Trigeminal
Term
If you have paresthesias, (tingling, itching, & numbness), you have damage to what nerve?
Definition
"V" Trigeminal
Term
Difficulity in chewing, you have damage to what nerve?
Definition
"V" Trigeminal
Term
Inability to move eyes laterally, you have damage to what nerve?
Definition
"VI" Abducens
Term
Bell's palsy, loss of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue on side of lesion, is damage to what nerve?
Definition
"VII" Facial
Term
Loss of hearing, noises in ear(tinnitus), or loss of balence, you have damage in what nerve?
Definition
"VIII" Vestibulocohlear
Term
The loss of gag reflex, difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), loss of taste on posterior 2/3 of tongue or a decreased salivation, you have a disorder in what nerve?
Definition
"IX" Glossopharyngeal
Term
Sagging of the soft palate, hoarseness of voice due to paralysis of vocal fold, is a disorder of what nerve?
Definition
"X" Vagus
Term
Drooping shoulders; the inability or difficulty in rotating head (wryneck), you have a disorder in what nerve?
Definition
"XI" Accessory
Term
Some difficulty in speaking (dysarthria), chewing & swallowing (dysphagia) is a disorder to what nerve?
Definition
Hypoglossal
Term
What are the 3 spinal cord plexues?
Definition
1. Cervical (C1 to C4)
2. Brachial (C5 to C8, T1)
3. Lumbosacral (T12, L1 to L5, S1-S4)
Term
What major nerve emerges from plexus phrenic?
Definition
Cervical CI to C4
Term
What major nerves emerges from plexus axillary, brachial, median,musculocutaneous & ulner?
Definition
Brachial C5 to C8, T1
Term
What major nerve emerges from plexus femoral, obturator, sciatic & pudendal?
Definition
Lumbosacral T12, L1 to L5, S1 to S4
Term
If you have damage to phrenic nerve what plexus is it affecting?
Definition
Cervical plexus
Term
If you have damage to axillary nerve or to median nerve, what plexus have you damage?
Definition
Brachial plexus
Term
The lumbar& sacral nerves extend the length of the spinal cavity before existing from the vertebral column. What are these nerves called & why?
Definition
They are called the cauda equina b/c they look like a horse's tail
Term
What is the common cause of sciatica?
Definition
is a ruptured of herniated disc. Its common in pregnant women.
Term
What is another name for the pyramidal tract?
Definition
Corticospianl tract
Term
If the spinal cord is severed in the lumbar region what diagnosis is that?
Definition
Paraplegia
Term
If the cord is severed at the neck region, what diagnosis is that?
Definition
Quadriplegia
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