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cervical spine
cervical spine kinesiology
98
Anatomy
Graduate
11/20/2011

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Cards

Term
3 functions of vertebral column
Definition
stability (support for load bearing), mobility, protection of spinal cord
Term
how many dof in vertebral column
Definition
6
Term
breakdown of vertebral column
Definition
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
Term
can you locate these parts of a vertebrae?: body, pedicle, lamina, transverse process, spinous process, vertebral canal, superior and inferior facets
Definition
yes
Term
describe cervical spinous processes
Definition
bifid
Term
describe cervical vertebral canal
Definition
large, for passage of large spinal cord
Term
what is transverse foramen
Definition
hole in transverse processes of cervical vertebrae for passage of vertebral artery
Term
describe uncovertebral joints
Definition
on superior lateral borders of bodies of cervical vertebrae. Maybe they add stability, but exact purpose is unknown.
Term
C1 function
Definition
support the head
Term
C1 features
Definition
no body, concave superior articular facets, flat inferior facet, no spinous process (posterior tubercle), largest vertebral foramen,has largest transverse process of C-spine
Term
which vertebrae has largest transverse process of C spine?
Definition
C1
Term
what does C1 have instead of a spinous process
Definition
posterior tubercle
Term
describe C1's inferior facets
Definition
flat
Term
describe C1's superior articular facets
Definition
concave
Term
function of C2
Definition
rotation
Term
C2 features
Definition
dens in body, large spinous process, large/flat facets for articulation with C1
Term
what are the typical cervical vertebrae
Definition
C3-6
Term
describe superior articular facets of C3-6
Definition
face posterior-superiorly
Term
describe inferior articular facets of C3-6
Definition
face anterior-inferiorly
Term
describe C7
Definition
similar to thoracic vertebrae, most prominent spinous process in the spine,
Term
describe the occasional anomaly of C7
Definition
extra articulations with "cervical rib"
Term
what is the most mobile part of the spine
Definition
craniocervical region
Term
what is the craniocervical region
Definition
upper neck
Term
2 major joints of the craniocervical region
Definition
atlanto-occipital, atlanto-axial
Term
describe AO joint
Definition
convex occipital condyles on concave superior facets of atlas, gives nodding
Term
describe AA joint
Definition
2 articulations: dens and posterior surface of anterior arch of atlas, facet joints; gives "no" movement
Term
function of cervical ligaments
Definition
control motion of vertebrae by becoming taut or slack with movement
Term
what determines how a ligament controls movement?
Definition
position/location makes them good at resisting certain motions
Term
describe posterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
supports disc posteriorly, tapers inferiorly
Term
describe anterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
thick and strong throughout
Term
what are the major ligaments of the spine
Definition
anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligaments, intertransverse ligaments, supraspinous ligaments
Term
describe alar ligament
Definition
very tough fibrous ligament from dens to the sides of occiptal condyles that restricts axial rotation of the head and atlas and limits sidebending
Term
if you rotate your head to the left, which alar ligament do you tighten?
Definition
right
Term
if you rotate your head to the right, which alar ligament do you tighten?
Definition
left
Term
where is the atlantal cruciform ligament
Definition
encircles the dense withint he atlas
Term
describe the fibers of the altlantal cruciform ligament
Definition
transverse, superior, inferior
Term
function of atlantal cruciform ligament
Definition
with anterior arch of C1, gives the pivot for rotation AND prevents the dens from moving into spinal cord
Term
where is tectoral membrane
Definition
just posterior to cruciate ligament
Term
what is tectoral membrane
Definition
continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament
Term
function of tectoral membrane
Definition
strengthens connection between skull and spine
Term
no disc between which 2 vertebrae?
Definition
C1, C2
Term
how are cervical nerve roots named
Definition
for inferior vertebra (except C8)
Term
how are cervical nerves connected to upper extremities?
Definition
brachial plexus, peripheral nerves
Term
intervertebral disc function
Definition
respond to compression, shock absorption
Term
what is outer part of intervertebral disc, made of concentric rings
Definition
annulus fibrosis
Term
where is annulus fibrosis thicker
Definition
anteriorly
Term
inner part of intervertebral disc
Definition
nucleus pulposis
Term
consistency of nucleus pulposis
Definition
gel
Term
describe "movement" of nucleus pulposis
Definition
migrates in response to forces of spinal motion. Pressure changes due to postures and location of loads. Moves away from force.
Term
where does disc herniation occur
Definition
posterior-laterally: posterior bc annulus fibrosis thinner posteriorly, which drives nucleus pulposus posterior and lateral bc posterior longitudinal ligament
Term
describe spinal osteokinematics
Definition
flexion, extension, L sidebending, R sidebending, rotation
Term
3 joints between 2 vertebrae
Definition
1 interbody joint, 2 apophyseal joints
Term
describe interbody joint
Definition
vertebrae and disc
Term
describe apophyseal joints
Definition
supieror and inferior articular facets
Term
how is intervertebral movement guided?
Definition
by facet orientation
Term
where does most of the weight go down in vertebral column
Definition
bodies
Term
where is center of rotation in vertebral column
Definition
middle of interbody joint
Term
describe flexion of vertebrae at interbody joints
Definition
anterior compression of IV discs, pushes nucleus posteriorly, causes bulging of annulus anterior to body
Term
describe vertebal extension at interbody joint
Definition
posterior compression of IV discs, pushes nucleus anteriorly, causes bulging of annulus posterior to body
Term
functions of apophyseal joints
Definition
guide motion, small load bearing
Term
describe structure of apophyseal joints
Definition
synovial joint with associated structures, meniscoids, ligaments, multifidus, highly innervated
Term
total motion of extension at c spine
Definition
85 degrees
Term
extension from AO
Definition
5-10 degrees
Term
extension from AA
Definition
5-10 degrees
Term
where does most of extension of Cspine occur
Definition
C2-7, initiated at lower cervical spine
Term
what is the position of facets during full extension of the c spine?
Definition
close packed
Term
what is close packed position
Definition
everything at its tightest, maximum congruency
Term
how does superior vertebra move as C spine extends?
Definition
moves posterior/inferiorly (slides down and back)
Term
what is the total motion of C spine flexion
Definition
45 degrees
Term
what is the amount of flexion from AO joint
Definition
5 degrees
Term
what is the amount of flexion from the AA joint
Definition
5 degrees
Term
where does most flexion from c spine come from
Definition
C2-7, initiated at lower cervical spine
Term
describe facet motion of c spine in flexion
Definition
superior vertebrae moves superior/anteriorly (up and forward)
Term
between what 2 cervical vertebrae does the greatest amount of flexion/extension occur?
Definition
C5-6
Term
where are we most likely to see degeneration in flexion in the c spine
Definition
C5-6
Term
If C4/C5 has a lack of flexion and you want to encourage flexion there, what will you push?
Definition
glide C4 anteriorly on C5
Term
as you glide C4 anteriorly on C5, what is happening with C3
Definition
causing extension between C3-4
Term
what is the total motoin of axial rotation in c spine
Definition
90 degrees
Term
what is the motion of AA in cervical rotation
Definition
45
Term
what is the motion of C2-C7 in cervical rotation
Definition
45
Term
what is the total motion of C spine sidebending (in degrees)
Definition
40
Term
how much does the AO joint contribute to c spine sidebending (in degrees)
Definition
5 degrees
Term
what provides most of the movement for c spine sidebending
Definition
C2-7
Term
what are the cervical motions at the AO joint
Definition
about 15 degrees of nodding, slight sidebending, no rotation
Term
what are the cervical motions at the AA joint
Definition
some flex/ext, No sidebending, 45 degrees of cervical rotation
Term
what do you get when upper c spine is extended and lower c spine is flexed
Definition
protraction
Term
what do you get when upper c spine is flexed and lower c spine is extended
Definition
retraction
Term
describe cervical spine sidebending and rotation
Definition
coupled ipsilaterally: they happen together
Term
what opens the intervertebral foramen to provide more room for nerve root
Definition
flexion, sidebend away, rotate away
Term
what closes the intervertebral foramen and makes less room for nerve root?
Definition
extension, sidebend toward, rotate toward
Term
what drives a disc's nucleus anterior?
Definition
extension
Term
what drives a disc's nucleus posterior
Definition
flexion
Term
what does gravity want to do to c spine
Definition
pull it into flexion
Term
list the cervical muscles
Definition
sternocleidomastoid, anterior/middle/posterior scalenes, longus coli, longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliqus capitis superior, obliqus capitis inferior
Term
which muscles have greater moment arm, superfirical or deep muscles?
Definition
superficial
Term
what do anterior neck muscles and levator scapulae do?
Definition
keep neck from buckling
Term
what is thoracic outlet syndrome
Definition
compression on brachial plexus from muscles, fibrous tissue, cervical rib
Term
describe forward head posture
Definition
line of gravity is anterior, creep exacerbates, active structures stretched or shortened (weakened either way)
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