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cervical anatomy
physical therapy gross anatomy cervical anatomy
104
Anatomy
Graduate
10/12/2011

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Term
why are cervical vertebral foramen large and triangular?
Definition
to accommodate the enlargement of the spinal cord
Term
what goes through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae?
Definition
vertebral artery
Term
what does the vertebral artery branch from?
Definition
subclavian artery
Term
which cervical vertebrae does vertebral artery not pass through?
Definition
C7
Term
what happens to vertebral artery after it goes through the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae?
Definition
at atlas (C1), enters the foramen magnum in the base of the skull and helps vascularize the brain and spinal cord
Term
which is the widest of all cervical vertebrae?
Definition
atlas (C1)
Term
what are the 4 main parts of the atlas (C1)?
Definition
anterior arch, posterior arch, 2 lateral masses
Term
describe atlas's superior facets
Definition
kidney shaped, articulate with occipital condyles of skull
Term
describe atlas's facet for articulation with dens of C2
Definition
on posterior side of anterior arch
Term
which cervical vertebrae do not have intervertebral discs between them?
Definition
between C1 and C2 and between C1 and occipital bone
Term
what type of joint is atlanto-occipital joint?
Definition
condyloid type synovial
Term
what movemenet does the atlanto-occipital joint make?
Definition
flexion and extension in sagittal plane = yes
Term
what are the 3 articulations of atlanto-axial joints?
Definition
median atlantoaxial joint = between dens and anterior arch of C1; 2 lateral atlantoaxial joints = zygaopophysial joints
Term
what is the movement of the atlanto-axial joints?
Definition
transverse plane/"no"
Term
C1 is at what level?
Definition
nose
Term
C2 level
Definition
teeth
Term
C3 level
Definition
body of mandible
Term
C4 level
Definition
between hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
Term
C5 level
Definition
lower thyroid cartilage
Term
C6 level
Definition
level of cricoid cartilage
Term
c7 level
Definition
just below cricoid cartilage
Term
what is suspended from the hyoid bone?
Definition
larynx
Term
where is the larynx?
Definition
anterior neck between C4-C6
Term
function of larynx
Definition
voice production, guards and maintains a patent (open) airway
Term
what are the 3 cartilages of the larynx?
Definition
thyroid, epiglottic, cricoid
Term
what gland is located just anterior to cricoid cartilage?
Definition
thyroid gland
Term
what does thryoid gland produce?
Definition
iodine containing T3, T4 hormones which regulate metabolic rates; produces calcitonin which lowers blood calcium levels
Term
what 2 arteries supply the thyroid gland?
Definition
superior thyroid artery, inferior thyroid artery
Term
describe superior thyroid artery
Definition
1st branch of external carotid artery, then vascularizes thyroid galdn
Term
describe inferior thyroid artery
Definition
large branch of the thyrocervical trunk, which comes from subclavian artery
Term
what is the thyroid ima artery?
Definition
artery in only 10% of people that arises from the brachiocephalic trunk/aorta
Term
what are the 3 pairs of veins that drain the thyroid gland?
Definition
superior, middle, inferior thyroid veins
Term
what do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?
Definition
internal jugular vein
Term
what do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?
Definition
brachiocephalic veins
Term
describe parathyroid gland location and function
Definition
4 glands (superior and inferior) on posterior side of thyroid gland; secrete parathormone to regulate phosphorous and calcium blood levels
Term
what vascularizes the parathyroid glands?
Definition
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
Term
at what vertebral level is the hyoid bone?
Definition
C3/C4
Term
what are the parts of the hyoid bone?
Definition
body, greater horns (posterior), lesser horns (superior)
Term
what does hyoid bone do?
Definition
serve as attachment for hyoid muscles
Term
what do the hyoid muscles do?
Definition
steady and move hyoid bone and larynx
Term
what are the 2 groups of hyoid muscles?
Definition
suprahyoid = above hyoid; infrahyoid = below hyoid
Term
what are the suprahyoid muscles?
Definition
digastric (anterior and posterior bellies), mylohyoid, stylohyoid
Term
trigeminal nerve (CN V) innervates which suprahyoid muscles?
Definition
anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid
Term
facial nerve (CN VII) innervates which suprahyoid muscles?
Definition
posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid
Term
what are the infrahyoid muscles sometimes called?
Definition
the "strap" muscles
Term
what are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?
Definition
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid
Term
what innervates the 4 infrahyoid muscles?
Definition
motor portion of the cervical plexus (ansa cervicalis)
Term
what forms the cervical plexus?
Definition
ventral rami of C1-C4 spinal nerve
Term
what are the 2 portions of the cervical plexus?
Definition
sensory, motor
Term
what do the sensory branches of the cervical plexus du?
Definition
provide cutaneous sensation to the cervical region
Term
what do the motor branchces of the cervical plexus do?
Definition
form the ansa cervicalis that innervates the infrahyoid muscles
Term
which cervical ventral rami in the cervical plexus provide sensory branches?
Definition
C2-C4
Term
where do the sensory branches of the cervical plexus come out cutaneously?
Definition
at posterior border of SCM
Term
what are the 4 sensory branches from the cervical plexus called?
Definition
transverse cervical, greater auricular, lesser occipital, supraclavicular
Term
what is the name of the point where the sensory branches of the cervical plexus come out from behind sternocleidomastoid?
Definition
erb's point
Term
what provides cutaneous innervation to neck and shoulder?
Definition
sensory nerves from cervical plexus
Term
SCM divides neck into what?
Definition
anterior and posterior triangles
Term
what is the action of SCM?
Definition
flexes neck acting bilaterally, runs face to opposite side acting unilaterally
Term
what innervates scm?
Definition
spinal accessory nerve, CN XI
Term
what is torticollis?
Definition
head turned and tilted
Term
what is muscular torticollis?
Definition
benign fibrous tissue tumor forms within the SCM or muscle is turn during childbirth resulting in scar tissue/muscular contractions
Term
what is spasmodic torticollis?
Definition
neurological disorder of abnormal tonicity of SCM and/or trapezius muscles. Usually occurs ages 20-60
Term
what are the borders of the anterior triangle?
Definition
inferior border of mandible, midline of neck, anterior border SCM
Term
what are the borders of the posterior triangle?
Definition
posterior border SCM, clavicle, anterior border trapezius
Term
what are the 4 trianles of the anterior triangle?
Definition
submandibular, submental, muscular, carotid
Term
what are the borders of the submandibular triangle?
Definition
inferior border of mandible, anterior border of digastric, posterior belly of digastric
Term
what is in the submandibular triangle?
Definition
submandibular salivary gland, facial artery and vein
Term
what are the borders of the muscular triangle?
Definition
midline of the neck, superior belly of omohyoid muscle, anterior border of SCM
Term
what is inside the muscular triangle?
Definition
infrahyoid muscles, thyroid gland
Term
what are the borders of the carotid triangle?
Definition
superior belly of omohyoid muscle, anterior border of SCM, posterior border of digastric muscle
Term
what is inside the carotid triangle?
Definition
carotid sheath which surrounds: common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve CN X, hypoglossal nerve CN XII
Term
at what cervical level do the common cartoid arteries bifurcate into internal and external carotid arteries?
Definition
C4
Term
what branches does the external carotid artery give rise to?
Definition
superior thyroid, lingual, facial arteries
Term
what is located at the carotid bifurcation?
Definition
carotid body, carotid sinus
Term
what is the carotid body and what does it do?
Definition
mass of tissue at carotid bifurcation that is an important chemoreceptor that monitors blood oxygen levels
Term
what is the carotid sinus and what does it do?
Definition
slight dilation near carotid bifurcation that is a baroreceptor that reacts to changes in arterial pressure
Term
what innervates the carotid sinus and carotid body?
Definition
glossopharyngial nerve (CN IX)
Term
what type of fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) innervate the carotid body and carotid sinus?
Definition
visceral sensory
Term
what is the carotid sheath and what does it protect
Definition
tubular fascial sheath that houses and protects common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve CN X
Term
in what triangle is the carotid sheath?
Definition
carotid triangle of the anterior triangle
Term
what are the deep layers of cervical fascia
Definition
investing, prevertebral, pretracheal
Term
what is the purpose of the deep cervical fascia layers
Definition
compartmentalize structures in the neck, limit spread of infections/tumors
Term
where is the platysma muscle?
Definition
very superficial, within the superficial cervical fascia, overlies anterior triangles and part of posterior triangles
Term
what is the action of the platysma?
Definition
pulls angles of lips inferiorly and tenses skin of neck = snarling
Term
what innervates the platysma?
Definition
facial nerve CN VII
Term
what are the borders of the posterior cervical triangle?
Definition
anterior border trapezius, posterior border SCM, clavicle
Term
what muscles are in the floor of the posterior cervical triangle?
Definition
splenius capitis, levator scapulae, scalenes, inferior belly of omohyoid
Term
what cranial nerve is in the posterior triangle?
Definition
spinal accessory nerve, CN XI on its way to trapezius
Term
sensory branches of what plexus are in posterior triangle?
Definition
cervical plexus
Term
describe path of external jugular vein
Definition
arises near angle of mandible, courses inferiorly across the sternocleidomastoid and enters subclavian vein
Term
what muscle is superior to the external jugular vein?
Definition
platysma
Term
why is external jugular vein vulnerable to injury
Definition
it is very superficial
Term
what does the external jugular vein do?
Definition
drain blood from face and scalp
Term
what can a very prominent external jugular vein in the neck indicate?
Definition
increased systemic venous pressure from heart failure, superior vena cava obstruction, increased inthrathoracic pressure
Term
what does cervical fascia do?
Definition
compartmentalize structures in the neck, limit spread of infections/tumors
Term
what is inside the carotid sheath?
Definition
carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve (CN X)
Term
what are the nerve roots of the cervical plexus?
Definition
C1-C4
Term
what are the 2 portions of the cervical plexus?
Definition
motor and sensory
Term
what is the ansa cervicalis?
Definition
motor portion of the cervical plexus
Term
what does the ansa cervicalis innervate?
Definition
infrahyoid muscles
Term
what do the sensory branches of the cervical plexus du?
Definition
innervate the skin of the neck/shoulder
Term
what does the spinal accessory nerve innervate?
Definition
SCM and trapezius
Term
what fibers in the spinal accessory nerve innervate the SCM and trapezius?
Definition
GSE
Term
how is the external jugular vein used as an external barometer?
Definition
can indicate a patient's systemic venous pressure
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