Term
| The limbic system is the -- brain |
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Definition
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Term
| location of the limbic system: |
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Definition
| medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres, also within the diencephalon (hypothalamus) |
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Term
| The limbic systems is composed of: |
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Definition
septal nuclei, cingulate gyrus, hippocampal formation, part of the amygdala
Altogether form a ring structure |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual responses, aggression |
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Term
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Definition
emotion formation, motivation
interprets pain as pain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus
involved with memory |
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Term
the diencephalon forms
it is surrounded by
borders the:
Primarily composed of -- matter |
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Definition
the center of the forebrain
surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
borders 3rd ventricle
gray matter |
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Term
| The diencephalon is composed of: |
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Definition
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus |
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Term
| What makes up 80% of diencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
the thalamus contains -- major nuclei which act as -- for --
Nuclei organize and - |
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Definition
a dozen
relay stations for incoming sensory messages, "gateway to cerebral cortex
amplify or tone down sensory signals |
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Term
| How do the thamaus nuclei act as relay stations for incoming sensory mesages or the gateway to cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
send axons to regions of the cerebral cortex
all sensory axons (except olfaction) synapse at least on of its nuclei |
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Term
| In the Thalamic, lateral geniculate nucleus receives and relays what? |
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Definition
Receives input from axons in optic tract coming from retina
Relay signals to primary visual centers in occipital lobe of cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| In the thalamic, medial geniculate nucleus, relays: |
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Definition
| relays auditory infor to cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
The hypothalamus is located -
pituitary gland projects- |
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Definition
lies beneth and slightly anterior to thalamus, directly beneath optic chiasm of optic tract
pituitary projects inferiorly |
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Term
| hypothalamus contains apprx- nuclei and is the main -- center of body |
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Definition
a dozen nuclei
visceral control center of body |
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Term
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Definition
mostly visceral:
-control of autonomic nervous system
regulation of body temperature
regulation of hunger and thirst sensations
Controls secretion of pituitary gland hormones
Control of emotional responses -organize limbic input |
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Term
The epithalamus-
forms -- of 3rd ventricle
consists of -- nuclei
recevies input from --
includes -- which -- |
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Definition
forms part of the roof of the 3rd ventricle
consists of a tiny group of nuclei
recevies input from retina of eye
includes the pineal gland which secretes the hormone melatonin and controls circadian rhythms; light/dark cycles |
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Term
Where is the Midbrain?
Nuclei of cranial nerves -- |
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Definition
lies between the diencephalon adn the pons
cranial nerves III and IV |
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Term
| Where are the cerebral peduncles on the midbrain? What do they contain? |
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Definition
ventral surface
Contain pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
Deep: contain red nucleus and substatia nigra |
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Term
| Where are the colliculi on the midbrain? |
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Definition
inferior and superior on dorsal surface
the "little hills" |
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Term
| Where are the cereballar peduncles: |
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Definition
| on dorsal surface, connect midbrain to cerebellum |
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Term
| What surrounds the cerebral aqueduct? What is its function? |
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Definition
periaqueductal gray matter.
involved in 2 related functions:
-fright and flight reaction; panic behaviors
-mediates response to visceral pain |
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Term
| Where are the corpora quadrigemina? |
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Definition
divided into the superior and inferior colliculi (largest nuclei)
Superior colliculi- act in visual reflexes, involuntary eye tracking of objects
inferior colliculi- act in relexive response to sound |
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Term
| what are the two pigmented nuclei in cerebral peduncles? |
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Definition
| substantia nigra and red nucleus |
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Term
| Function of Substantia Nigra? |
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Definition
neuronal cell bodies contain melanin (black)
functionally linked to basal nuclei
Parkinson's disease: destruction of substantia nigra |
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Term
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Definition
lies deep to the substantia nigra
largest nucleus of the reticular formation
initiate course movements of limbs related to posture
Part of extrapyramidal pathway |
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Term
| Where is Pons? What does it contain? which nuclei of cranial nerves? |
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Definition
located between midbrain and medulla oblongata.
contains axons of pyramidal tract
nuclei of cranial nerves V,VI,VII |
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Term
| What does pontine nuclei do? |
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Definition
relay nuclei to cerebellum
input from somatic motor cortex (broadmann's 4)
output to cerebellum: fine tune motor control coming from cortex |
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Term
| What is the most caudal level of the brain stem |
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Definition
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Term
Medulla Oblongata is continuous with:
What lies on its ventral surface?
What lies lateral on its surface?
Which cranial nerves? |
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Definition
continous with spinal cord
pyramids of medulla lie on ventral surface, decussation of pyramids-crossing over of motor tracts
Lateral to the pyramids are the olives of the medulla- contain inferior olivary nucleus and relay sensory information to cerebellum
Cranial nerves VIII-XII attach to medulla |
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Term
| Medulla oblongata contains the -- which relay from vesibular apparatus in inner ear (balance) to cerebellum |
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Definition
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Term
| The core of medulla contains: |
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Definition
much of the reticular formation
-nuclei influence autonomic function |
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Term
reticular formation runs through:
Forms 3 columns of gray matter: |
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Definition
Medulla, pons, midbrain
1. midline raphe nuclei
2. medial nuclear group
3. nuclear group |
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Term
| Visceral centers of reticular formation include: |
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Definition
cardiac center-heart rate
vasomotor center-control blood pressure
the medullary respiratory center
Centers for hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing |
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Term
| what does the reticular activating system (RAS) |
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Definition
maintains consciousness and alertness
-receives sensory input: visual, auditory
Functions in sleep and arousal from sleep |
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Term
Where is the cerebellum?
Functions
Contains:
Surface: |
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Definition
located dorsal to pons and medula
-smoothes and coordinates body movements
-helps maintain equilibrium
Consists of 2 cerebellar hemispheres
Surface folded into ridges called folia* and seperated by fissures |
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Term
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Definition
cortex- gray
internal white matter
deep cerebellar nuclei- deeply situated gray matter, relay to primary somatic motor cortex |
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Term
| What information must cerebellum receive? |
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Definition
- equilibrium (balance)
-current movements of limbs, neck, and trunks
-from the cerebral cortex (motor control) |
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Term
| Cerebellum informs primary motor cortex of - |
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Definition
| corrections to motor patterns to smooth out movement and maintain balance |
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Term
| What are purkinje cells of cerebellum cortex? |
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Definition
integrate input and coordinate output
info to primary motor cortex via deep cerebellar nuclei |
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Term
| What are cerebellar peduncles? |
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Definition
thick tracts connecting the cerebellum to the brain stem
Three total:
1. superior cerebellar peduncles
2. middle cerebellar puduncles
3. inferior cerebellar peduncles |
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Term
| Function of Superior cerebellar peduncles? |
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Definition
on midbrain, output
Carry axons from cerebellum to primary motor cortex via deep cerebellar nuclei |
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Term
| functions of middle cerebellar peduncles? |
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Definition
on pons, input
primary motor cortex to cerebllum via pontine nuclei |
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Term
| Functions of inferior cerebellar peduncles? |
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Definition
medulla oblongata, input
Proprioception to cerebellum via spinocerebellar tracts
equilibrium/balance input from inner ear via vestibular nuclei in medulla to cerebellum |
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