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Cerebral Cortex I & II
N/A
86
Anatomy
Graduate
01/26/2012

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Cards

Term
What is the composition of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
90% neocortex, 10% allocortex
Term
What is the name of the first layer of neocortex?
Definition
Molecular layer
Term
The second layer of the neocortex is known as what?
Definition
Outer granular layer
Term
The third layer of the neocortex is known as what?
Definition
Outer pyramidal layer
Term
What is the name of the fourth layer of neocrotex?
Definition
Inner granular layer
Term
What is the name of the fifth layer of neocortex?
Definition
Inner pyramidal layer
Term
The sixth layer of the neocortex is known as what?
Definition
Multiform layer
Term
What areas of the neocortex show the greatest contrast in distribution and what are these layers referred as?
Definition
Primary motor and primary sensory areas, heterotypical
Term
Primary motor cortex (agranular cortex) is dominated by what type of neuronal projections?
Definition
Pyramidal projection neurons
Term
Primary sensory cortex (granular cortex) contain generally what types of cells?
Definition
Smaller cells, particularly stellate cells
Term
Pyramidal neurons are found in which layers of the neocortex?
Definition
All layers except layer I, prominent in layers II, III, and V
Term
Giant pyramidal neurons of Betz are found what portion of neocortex?
Definition
Only in motor cortex in layer V
Term
What neurons in the neocortex are referred to as intrinsic neurons?
Definition
Stellate neurons, chandelier cells, basket cells, cells of martinotti
Term
Where are stellate neurons most numerous in the neocortex?
Definition
Layer IV, receive thalamocortical projections
Term
What type of neurons are spiny stellate neurons as opposed to aspiny stellate neurons?
Definition
Excitatory interneurons
Term
Where are chandelier cells most numerous in the neocortex?
Definition
Layer III, as dendrites in layer IV
Term
Where are basket cells most numerous in the neocortex?
Definition
As dendrites in layers III and V
Term
Where are cells of martinotti found in the cortex
Definition
As multipolar neurons in deeper layers with axons that project superficially
Term
Long association fibers connect what?
Definition
Lobes
Term
Short association fibers connect what?
Definition
Gyri
Term
Interhemespheric callosal fibers connect what?
Definition
Left and right hemispheres (corpus callosum), temporal poles (anterior commissure)
Term
Local intrinsic neurons connect what?
Definition
Different cortex layers
Term
Corticofugal axons travel to what portions of the brain?
Definition
Subcortical areas, brainstem, spinal cord
Term
Corticopetal axons connect what?
Definition
Thalamus to layer IV (some III and IV)
Term
How many cytoarchitectural areas (Brodmann areas) exist?
Definition
47
Term
Primary motor cortex is found in what Brodmann area?
Definition
4
Term
Premotor and supplementary motor cortex are found in what Brodmann area?
Definition
6
Term
Primary somatosensory cortex is found in what Brodmann area?
Definition
3, 1, 2
Term
The primary visual cortex is found in what Brodmann area?
Definition
17
Term
What is the general function of the frontal lobe?
Definition
Motor and cognitive
Term
What are the major functional components of the frontal lobe?
Definition
Primary motor cortex, supplemental motor cortex, frontal eye fields, prefrtonal cortex
Term
What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes? What separates it from the temporal lobes?
Definition
Central sulcus and lateral fissure
Term
What are the primary gyri of the frontal lobes?
Definition
Precentral (primary motor), superior, middle, and inferior gyri
Term
The precentral gyri continues with the longitudinal fissure to become what?
Definition
Anterior precental gyri
Term
The superior frontal gyris continues medially to what structure to become what?
Definition
Cingulate sulcus, medial frontal gyrus
Term
The paracentral lobule is the medial extension of what structures? What type of functional areas does it contain?
Definition
Pre and post-central gyri, primary motor and primary sensory
Term
Brodmann area 4 is also known as what?
Definition
Precentral gyrus
Term
How is the precentral gyrus somatotopically organized?
Definition
Areas that represent the legs are located in the anterior precentral gyrus, trunk, hand, head, and tongue are represented more inferiorly and laterally
Term
Where are the supplementary and premotor areas (Brodmann area 6) related to the planning of motor activities located?
Definition
In front of precentral gyrus
Term
Where are the frontal eye fields area (Brodmann area 8) associated with conscious control of eye movement located?
Definition
Anterior to premotor cortex (Brdomann area 6)
Term
What are the three primary segments of the inferior frontal gyrus?
Definition
Pars opercularis, pars trangularis, pars orbitalis
Term
The pars trangularis and pars opercularis collectively form what section of the frontal lobe?
Definition
Broca's area (Brodmann area 45 and 44)
Term
What is the function of Broca's area (pars trangularis and pars opercularis)?
Definition
Motor area for speech in the dominant hemisphere
Term
The prefrontal cortex is a multimodal area associated with what functions?
Definition
Judgement, foresight, purpose, responsibility, social propriety
Term
What functions are performed by the parietal lobe?
Definition
Primary somatosensory cortex and sensory association areas including portions dedicated to understanding spoken and written language
Term
What are the boundaries of the parietal lobes?
Definition
Posterior to the central sulcus, anterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus tot he preoccipital notch, above the lateral fissure
Term
What lays in between the posterior part of the paracentral lobule and the parieto-occipital sulcus within the parietal lobe?
Definition
Precuneus
Term
What are the components of the parietal lobe?
Definition
Primary somatosensory cortex, superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule with supramarginal and angular gyri
Term
Where is the postcentral gyrus located?
Definition
Behind the central sulcus and anterior to the postcentral sulcus
Term
What is contained within the postcentral gyrus?
Definition
Primary somatosensory cortex and posterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the hemisphere
Term
The primary somatosensory cortex makes up what Brodmann areas?
Definition
3, 1, 2
Term
How is the postcentral gyrus somatotopically organized?
Definition
Sensory areas from the genitals, foot, and leg on medial hemisphere, tongue is most lateral
Term
Neurons in the postcentral gyrus respond to what type of specific stimuli?
Definition
Discriminative touch, vibration, position, pain, and temperature
Term
Where is the secondary somatosensory cortex located?
Definition
Medial surface of the parietal operculum
Term
What is the function of the secondary somatosensory cortex?
Definition
Contains additional sensory somatotopic map but is somewhat more crude
Term
Secondary somatosensory cortex areas project to what part of the brain in order to perform what function?
Definition
Insular cortex for memory of tactile stimuli
Term
The insula is surrounded by the borders of what?
Definition
Lateral fissure/circular sulcus
Term
The anterior insula may additionally have what function?
Definition
Aide in coordination of articulatory movements necessary for speech
Term
What separates the superior and inferior parietal lobules?
Definition
Intraparietal sulcus
Term
The superior parietal lobule is considered what Brodmann area?
Definition
5, 7
Term
The superior parietal lobule has what kind of functionality?
Definition
Integrates somatosensory input from multiple modalities used in motor planning such as kinesthetics, hand eye coordintion, etc.
Term
The inferior parietal lobule is considered what Brodmann area?
Definition
39, 40
Term
Brodmann areas 39 and 40 correspond to what gyri of the inferior parietal lobule?
Definition
Angular and supramarginal gyri respectively
Term
What is the function of the angular gyrus within the inferior parietal lobule?
Definition
Comprehension of written language in the dominant hemisphere
Term
What is the function of the supramarginal gyrus within the inferior parietal lobule alongside the posterior superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area)?
Definition
Comprehension of spoken language
Term
What is the function of the inferior parietal lobule in the nondominant hemisphere?
Definition
Modulates attention to stimuli both on the body and in the visual field (perceptual awareness)
Term
Lesions to the inferior parietal lobule in the nondominant hemisphere result in what?
Definition
Hemineglect syndrome - failure to recognize the left side of the body as self
Term
The occipital lobe is associated with what function?
Definition
Vision
Term
What are the components of the occipital lobe?
Definition
Primary visual cortex, extrastriate cortex (visual association)
Term
What divides the medial occipital lobe into the cuneus above and lingual gyrus below?
Definition
Calcarine sulcus
Term
The extrastriate cortex is considered what Brodmann area?
Definition
18, 19
Term
The extrastriate cortex is involved with what functions?
Definition
Processing of visual data leading to perception of motion, depth, color, and position of an object
Term
The primary visual cortex is known as what Brodmann area?
Definition
17
Term
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
Definition
Medial side of occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine sulcus
Term
What is the primary function of the temporal lobes?
Definition
Integrative sensory, some memory, auditory, olfactory
Term
What are the components of the temporal lobes?
Definition
Primary auditory cortex and Wernicke's area, limbic areas including the hippocampus
Term
What are the names of the gyri on the lateral surface of the temporal lobe?
Definition
Superior, middle and inferior gyri separated by the superior and inferior temporal sulci
Term
The primary auditory cortex is found in what Brodmann areas?
Definition
41, 42
Term
The limbic lobe has what function?
Definition
Primary processor of memory
Term
What are the divisions of the limbic lobe?
Definition
Subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, primary olfactory cortex, multimodal association cortex linked to memory
Term
What separates the limbic lobe from the anterior and dorsal structure?
Definition
Cingulate sulcus
Term
What separates the corpus callosum from the limbic lobe?
Definition
Callosal sulcus
Term
The cingulate gyrus continues as what in the limbic lobe?
Definition
Parahippocampal gyrus which is just above the hippocampus
Term
What separates the parahippocampal gyrus fromt he occipitotemporal gyri?
Definition
Collateral sulcus
Term
The anterior regions of the parahippocampal gyrus contain what?
Definition
Primary olfactory cortex
Term
What circuits are necessary for the incorporation of short term memory to long term memory?
Definition
Extensive interconnections between the cingulate gyrus and the hyppocampal formation and adjacent areas of the parahippocampal gyrus
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